MEASUREMENTS

MEASUREMENT

• A process of determining the extent of the

dimension, quantity or extent of something.
• Questions:
• How much? How long? And How many.
• Example
• Nutritional facts of the food products must be given different
units of measurements.
• Prices of the products or goods are also base on
measurements.
• Different processes of measurements are used in getting the
mass of rie, the volume of water, distance of one place to
another, the temperature, pressure, humidity and amount of
precipitation and cloudiness of different places.
• Measurements are involved in following a recipe for cooking,
determining height and weight and fueling a car.
IN CHEMISTRY

• Measurements is frequently used such as:

• MASS
• LENGTH
• DENSITY
• TEMPERATURE
• ACCURACY AND PRECISION
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

• Most convenient system of units to be used is the

international system of units (SI). This is system
is the modern version of the metric system.
SI BASIC UNITS
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
METRIC PREFIX

PREFIX SYMBO NUMBER OF VALUE SCIENTIFIC

L NOTATION
TERA T 1 000 000 000 000 1012
GIGA G 1 000 000 000 109
MEGA M 1 000 000 106
KILO k 1 000 103
DECI d 0.1 10-1
CENTI c 0.01 10-2
MILLI m 0.001 10-3
MICRO μ 0.000001 10-6
NANO n 0.000000001 10-9
PICO p 10-12
0.000000000001
EXAMPLES OF INTERPRETATIONS OF THE
PREFIX MULTIPLIER
LENGTH 0.1 m = 1 dm 1 000 000 m – 1Mm
MASS 0.000001 g = 1 μg 1 000g = 1 kg
TIME 0.000000001s = 1 ns 1 000 000 000 000 = 1 Ts
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
• All measurements are subject to uncertainty
• Example: do your own example
• it can be said with certainty that the volume of the liquid in
the graduated cylinder is between 46 to 47ml, around 46:2
whereas I the burette, the volume of the liquid appears to be
around 16.32ml or between 16.3 to [Link]
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT

• There are 2 errors:

• Random error and Systematic error
RANDOM ERROR

• Indeterminate error results from the effects of

uncontrolled variables in the measurement. It is
always present and cannot be corrected
• Experimental error
SYSTEM ERROR

• May come from a flaw in the equipment used or the design of

the experiment
• Called as Systematic error, or determinate error.
• This kind of error can be discovered and corrected.
• This error that occurs in measurement is often expressed as
percent error. Computed as:

%error= |true value – experimental value | x100%

| true value |
PRECISION AND ACCURACY

• A. PRECISION
• Consistent result.
• If you measure a quantity several times and the values agree
closely with one another, then your measurement is precise;
however, if the value vary widely, then it is Imprecise
• B. ACCURACY
• Determined when a certain quantitative value is relatively
close to the true value.
• E.g: the true density of water at 30 C is 0.9957 and base on
the following data you have, it shows: 0.9956, 0.9957,
0.9956, and 1.1501 g/ml.
DENSITY MEASUREMENT

• Measurement involves mass, volume and

temperature of an object.
• A. Mass: is the quantity for matter in the object.
Usually determined by weighing the object using
balance. SI Basic Unit is kg/ g/ mg
• B. Volume: is the amount of space occupied by a
substance. In liquids, the volume can be determined
using a graduated cylinder, while in solid, the volume
can be determined by two methods:
• 1. regular shaped solids, the volume formula for the
particular shape is used.
• Some formulas that may be used are the following:
• Rectangular solid = length x width x height
• Cubic solid = side x side x side
• Cylindrical solid = πr²h
• Spherical solid = 4/3 πr3
• C. Temperature: tells you how hot or cold an object it.
• Commonly marked either by Celsius or Fahrenheit.
• SI basic units for temperature are the following:
• Kelvin (K), Celsius (℃), Fahrenheit (°F)
- Formula of the following:
For Kelvin
If the given problem is in Celsius if Celsius to Fahrenheit
℃ + 273.15 = K (℃ x 9/5) + 32 = °F
If the given problem is in Fahrenheit if Fahrenheit to Celsius
(°F + 459.67) x 5/9 = K (°F – 32) x 5/9 = ℃
DENSITY
• One can say that an object is denser when it
sinks, while it is less dense when it floats
• Is the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume
it occupies

Formula: Density =__Mass___

Volume
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• 1. a sample amount of sugar has a mass of 250.0g and a

volume of 157.3 cm3. what is its density in grams per cubic
centimeter?
Solution:
Mass= 250.0g Density= _Mass_ = _250.0g_ =
1.589g/cm3
Volume=157.3cm3 Volume. 157.3cm3
Density =?
• 2. a gold metal has a density of 19.3g/cm3. what is the
volume, in cubic centimeters, of a 500.0g bar of gold metal?
Solution:
Density= 19.3 g/cm3
Mass= 500.0g
Volume=?
Volume = _Mass_ = 500.0g x _1 cm3_ = 25.9cm3
Density 19.3g
• 3. the volume and the mass of two objects (A and B) have been obtained in
order to determine their density, respectively. Identify which is denser.

Obje Method used for determining the volume Mass

ct
A. By measuring its dimension: L = 2.0cm, W= 2.5cm, H= 15cm 90.0g
B By water displacement method: Vf (Water + Object) = 100.0 65.0g
Solution: mL,
Vi (water) = 80.0ml
Object A: Object B
Mass=90.0g Mass= 65.0g
Volume = L x W x H Volume= Vf-Vi = 100.0ml – 80.0ml = 20.0ml
Volume= (2.0cm)(2.5cm)(15cm) = 75 cm3 Density = Mass = 65.0g = 3.25
g/ml
Density = _Mass_ = 90.0g = 1.2 g/cm3. Volume 20.0ml
Volume 75cm3
Therefore, Object B is denser than A
QUIZ
• A. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the
following measured values.
1. 6.000 3. 0.020030 5. 34, 208
2. 0.0032 4. 78.080 6. 87.03
• Answer the following word problems.
1. Lolong was the largest crocodile in captivity. He was an indo-
pacific or saltwater corocodile that measured at 6.17 m and
weighted 1,075kg. What is lolong’s measurement in feet and
pounds?
2. The atmosphere of Venus consists of 97% carbon dioxide,
making it the hottest planet in the solar system. The surface
of venus reaches the temperature of 475 C. What Is its
temperature in K?
3. Ms. Sheena gave you a piece of metal. She asked your group
to identify the name of the metal. In the laboratory, you
found out that the metal had a mass of 217 g and a volume
of 19.2 cm3. what do you think is the density of a lead?
• 4. calculate the percent error of the following measurements.
1. The density of ethanol is measured to be 0.73g/mL (true
value is 0.79gm/mL)
2. The boiling point of water is measured to be 98 C (True
value is 100 C)
3. The mass of silver in an earring is analyzed to be 0.378 g
(true value is 0.456g)