CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASES
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ACIDS IN DAILY LIFE
Hydrochloric acid, HCl Nitric acid, HNO3
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
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WHAT IS AN ACID ?
an acid is a chemical compound
which ionises in water to produce
hydrogen ions, h+
Arrhenius
The Relationship between
H+ and H3O+ :
4
MONOPROTIC ACID
Examples : HCl , HNO3
* Monoprotic acid produces one mole of hydrogen
ion when it ionises in water.
Diprotic Acid
Examples : H2SO4
* Diprotic acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions
when it ionises in water.
WHAT ARE BASES AND ALKALIS
?
a base is a chemical compound which ionises in
water to produce hydroxide ions, oh- 6
Bases which dissolve in water is called alkalis
Examples of alkalis :
Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonia
H2O NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
NaOH → Na+ + OH- 7
ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWING THE
PROPERTIES OF ACID/ALKALI
Acid Alkali
Pure acid / acid in organic Pure alkali in the
solvent consists of
covalent molecules only. dry state does not
H+ is not present. exhibit alkaline
Example: properties - No
hydroxide ions.
Dry/glacial ethanoic acid,
Ethanoic acid in
propanone
Alkali only shows
their alkaline
Acid only shows it’s
acidic properties in the properties in the
presence of water. presence of
water.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
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Chemical Properties of Acid
acid + base Acid + Metal →
salt + water Salt + Hydrogen Acid + carbonate →
Salt + water +
H2SO4 + ZnO → 2HCl + Mg → carbon dioxide
ZnSO4 + H2O MgCl2 + H2
2HCl + CaCO3 →
CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Burning
wooden
Splinter
Alkali Lime
acid water
Acid Acid
Calcium
Metal carbonate
Chemical Properties of Alkali
Alkali + acid Alkali + ammonium Alkali + metal ion
salt + water salt salt + water + insoluble metal
ammonia gas hydroxide
NaOH + HCl NaOH + NH4Cl
NaCl + H2O 2OH- + Cu2+
NaCl + H2O + NH3
Cu(OH)2 (s)
Red
litmus
paper
Alkali ammonia
Alkali + Metal ion
Acid ammonium + alkali
Heat salt
ACIDS & BASES
More acidic More alkaline
Strong Acid Weak Acid Weak Alkali Strong
(Low pH) (High pH) (Low pH) Alkali(High pH)
Ionises
completely in Ionises partially in
Ionises partially in Ionises completely
water - high water - low
water - low in water - high
concentration of concentration of
concentration of concentration of
hydrogen ions. hydrogen ions.
hydroxide ions hydroxide ions.
Eg: HCl, HNO3 , Eg: Ethanoic acid,
Eg: ammonia, NH3 Eg: NaOH, KOH
H2SO4 CH3COOH
CONCENTRATION ???????
13
CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS & ALKALIS
Is the Quantity of solute in a
given volume of solution
unit for molarity
(mol dm-3) or molar (M)
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CONCENTRATION AND MOLARITY
÷ molar mass
concentration Molarity
(g dm-3) (mol dm-3)
x molar mass
Refer to examples in text book page 124.
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CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND
ALKALIS
MV_
No. of mol
1000
M = Concentration in mol dm-3 [Molarity]
V = Volume in cm3
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
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PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS
A solution in which
its concentration is
accurately known is
called standard
solution.
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DILUTION OF SOLUTION
90 cm3
distilled water
added
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = Molarity of original solution / mol dm-3
V1 = Volume of original solution / cm3
M2 = Molarity of the diluted solution / mol dm-3
V2 = Volume of original solution + volume of water added /cm3
NEUTRALISATION – ACID BASE TITRATION
Acid
Alkali
+ phenolphthalein
Pink Colourless
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
End point – the point in the titration at which the indicators changes
colour.
Colour in medium
Indicator
Alkali Neutral Acid
Methyl orange Yellow Orange Red
Phenolphthalein Pink Colourless Colourless
BALANCE THE EQUATION FOR THE
NEUTRALISATION REACTION BELOW
HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 → BaSO4 + H2O
CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O
H3PO4 + NH3 → (NH4)3PO4 + H2O
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DO YOU KNOW THAT
NEUTRALISATION IS USED IN OUR
DAILY LIFE ???
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ACID-BASE TITRATION