Correlation and Regression
Correlation
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
(Interval/Ratio) (Interval/Ratio)
Correlation
Test of relationship between two variables which are
quantitative in nature.
Relationship between Independent variable (X) and
Dependent variable (Y).
Where: X- interval/ratio scale
Y- interval/ ratio scale
Vital Information (correlation)
r --- Strength of Relationship
p --- significance value
r – squared --- coefficient of determination
Correlation Coefficient “r”
Values of r Interpretation
0.0 No relationship
+ 0.01 to + 0.20 Indifferent/ negligible relationship
+ 0 .21 to + 0.40 Low correlation
+ 0. 41 to + 0.60 Substantial/ marked correlation
+ 0. 61 to + 0.80 High correlation
+ 0 .81 to + 0.99 Very high correlation
+ 1.0 Perfect Correlation
To determine if there is a significant relationship between
Variable X and Variable Y.
Test statistic : Correlation/ Persons’ r
α – value = 0.05
If p- value is less than α , then reject Ho
If p-value is greater than or equal to α, do not reject Ho
Reject Ho Do not reject Ho
0.00 0.05 1.00
Coefficient of Determination
r = 0.5
r-squared = 0.25 or 25%
The coefficient of determination is 25%
Interpretation: 25% of the variations in the
dependent variable is brought about by
the variations in the independent variable.
Regression
To predict the value of Dependent Variable (Y) given
the value of Independent Variable (X).
Equation of Regression Line Y = b0 + b1 X
bo -- the value of Y if X is zero
b1 – the value of the increase/decrease in (Y) for
every unit increase/decrease in (X).
Example 1
Respondents Variable X Variable Y
1 2 10
2 3 15
3 4 20
4 5 25
5 6 30
6 7 35
Research Paradigm
Variable X Variable Y
Objective
To determine if there is a significant relationship
between variable X and variable Y.
To determine if there is a significant association
between variable X and variable Y.
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship
between variable X and variable Y.
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant relationship
between variable X and variable Y.
Scatter plot
Y-Values
35
30
25
20
15 Y-Values
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SPSS Output on the relationship
between variable X and variable Y
Variable X Variable Y
Variable X Pearson Correlation 1 1.000
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 6 6
Variable Y Pearson Correlation 1.000 1
Sig (2-tailed) 0.000
N 6 6
Results and Interpretation
r = 1.00 --- There is a positive perfect correlation
between variable X and variable Y .
p = 0.000 --- There is a significant relationship
between variable X and variable Y
r- squared = 1.0 or 100% --- 100% of the variations in
variable Y is brought about
by the variations in variable X
Conclusion
There is a significant relationship between variable
X and variable Y.
Regression
bo = 0 and b1 = 5
Equation of regression line: Y = bo + b1X
Y = 0 + 5X
*** Predict the value of Y if X = 10
Y = 0 + 5 (10)
Y = 50
*** Predict the value of Y if X = 50
Y = 0 + 5 ( 50)
Y = 250
Example 2
Students Age Numbers of sticks of
Cigarettes smoked
daily
1 16 6
2 17 8
3 19 8
4 19 10
5 20 12
6 21 13
7 18 7
Research Paradigm
Age Smoking practices
Objective
To determine if there is a significant relationship between
the age of students and the number of sticks of cigarettes
they smoked.
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
the age of students and the number of sticks of
cigarettes they smoked.
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant relationship between the age of
students and the number of sticks of cigarettes they
smoked.
Scatter Plot
Y-Values
14
12
10
6 Y-Values
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
SPSS Output on the relationship
between variable X and variable Y
Age Number of sticks of
cigarettes
Variable X Pearson Correlation 1 0.908
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.005
N 7 7
Variable Y Pearson Correlation 0.908 1
Sig (2-tailed) 0.005
N 7 7
Results and Interpretation
r = +0.908 --- There is a (positive, very high
correlation )between the two variables
p = 0.005 --- There is a significant relationship
between the two variables.
r- squared = 0.8244 or 82.44% --- 82.44% of the
variations in the dependent variable
is brought about by the variations
in the independent variable.
Conclusion
There is a significant relationship between the age
of students and the number of sticks of cigarettes
they smoked.
Research Conclusion
Age of the respondents affects their smoking practices.
Older respondents tends to smoke more compare to
younger respondents.
Number of sticks of cigarette smoke increases with
age.
Example 3
Respondents Mean hours of TV Reading Test scores
watch daily
1 2 75
2 2 78
3 4 72
4 6 60
5 3 76
6 1 85
7 5 55
Research Paradigm
Number of Hours
spent watching TV Reading Test scores
Objective
To determine if there is a significant relationship between
the reading test scores and the number of hours spent
watching TV.
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
the reading test scores and the number of hours
spent watching TV.
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant relationship between the
reading test scores and the number of hours spent
watching TV.
Scatter Plot
Y-Values
90
80
70
60
50
40 Y-Values
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SPSS Output on the relationship
between variable X and variable Y
Time Spent Reading Test Scores
Watching TV
(X) (Y)
Variable X Pearson Correlation 1 -0.918
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.003
N 7 7
Variable Y Pearson Correlation -0.918 1
Sig (2-tailed) 0.003
N 7 7
Results and Interpretation
r = -0.918 --- There is a (negative, very high
correlation )between the two
variables .
p = 0.003 --- There is a significant relationship
between the two variables.
r- squared = 0.8427 or 84.27% --- 84.27% of the
variations in the dependent variable
is brought about by the variations
in the independent variable.
Conclusion
There is a significant relationship between the
reading test scores of students and the number of
hours spent watching TV.
Research Conclusion
The time spent in watching TV affects the reading
performance of the students.
The more time spent watching TV the lower the
reading test score.
Increasing the number of hours watching TV will
result to lower reading test score.
End of Chapter 7
Thank you!!!