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Understanding Human Physiology Basics

Physiology is the study of biological function at multiple levels of structural organization in the human body, including the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system levels. The human body is composed of atoms organized into molecules that undergo chemical reactions controlled by physiology. Cells are the basic living units that carry out life processes through specialized organelles. Groups of similar cells form tissues like epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues. Organs consist of at least two tissue types and perform specific body functions. Organ systems like the nervous, endocrine, and circulatory systems are groups of organs that work together to maintain homeostasis. The internal environment of the body is mostly water which acts as a polar solvent and helps regulate temperature.

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Damian Hamzah
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6 views14 pages

Understanding Human Physiology Basics

Physiology is the study of biological function at multiple levels of structural organization in the human body, including the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system levels. The human body is composed of atoms organized into molecules that undergo chemical reactions controlled by physiology. Cells are the basic living units that carry out life processes through specialized organelles. Groups of similar cells form tissues like epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues. Organs consist of at least two tissue types and perform specific body functions. Organ systems like the nervous, endocrine, and circulatory systems are groups of organs that work together to maintain homeostasis. The internal environment of the body is mostly water which acts as a polar solvent and helps regulate temperature.

Uploaded by

Damian Hamzah
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

What is Physiology?

the study of biological function


Levels of Structural Organization
in the Human Body

• Chemicals
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ
Systems
The Chemical Level

• Human body is
composed of atoms
organized into
molecules
• Atoms and molecules
undergo chemical
reactions
– Physiology involves
control of chemical
reactions within the
body
Cells

• Basic living units


• Smallest subdivision
able to carry out all
life processes
• Contain organelles
– Structures that have
specific functions
• Specialized for
specific physiological
roles
Tissues

• Groups of cells of
similar structure
• Interaction among
cells leads to
functions single
cells cannot
effectively do alone
Types of Tissues

• Epithelial tissues
– Form body surfaces
• Barriers
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Some movement (cilia)
Types of Tissues

• Connective Tissues
– Very diverse
– Extracellular matrix
• Incorporate large amounts
of extracellular material in
tissue structure and
function
– Connection, Structure,
and Protection
Types of Tissues

• Muscle Tissue
– Contraction
– Generates Tension,
Movement and Heat
Types of Tissues

• Nerve tissue
– High speed
communication
– Control/Integration
Organs

• structures consisting of
at least two tissue
types
• performs a specific
function related to the
whole body
Organ Systems

• groups of organs
performing related
functions
• Enable basic
functions needed to
maintain overall
homeostasis
Major Organ Systems
• Nervous System
– Communication and control
• Endocrine System
– Communication and control
• Integumentary System
– Barrier between interior of body and
exterior, thermoregulation
• Respiratory System
– Gas exchange, pH balance
• Urinary System
– Waste removal, water and ion balance
Major Organ Systems
• Digestive System
– Obtain raw materials from exterior
• Immune System
– Protect body from foreign substances, other organisms
and cancer cells
• Musculoskeletal System
– Movement, structure, support, protection, heat
generation
• Circulatory System
– Transportation of most materials throughout body
• Reproductive System
– Perpetuation of the species
The Internal Environment

• The interior of body, the environment of


cells inside the body
• Mostly water (~67%)
– Liquid
– High heat capacity
• does not change temperature easily
– Polar solvent
• dissolves some substances, not others

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