Space Organization
And Their Achievements
DONE BY
[Link] NARAYANAN(EEE)
[Link] ARAVINDHAN (MECH)
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• TOP 5 SPACE RESEARCH
ORGANISATIONS
• FIRST TOP MISSIONS
• PRESENT MISSIONS
• PROBLEMS FACED DURING SPACE
MISSIONS
• FUTURE MISSIONS
What is Space?
Space is the boundless
three-dimensional extent in
which objects and events
have relative position and
direction. Physical space is
often conceived in three
linear dimensions, although
modern physicists usually
consider it, with time, to be
part of a boundless four-
dimensional continuum
known as spacetime.
SPACE Organization
• Organizational space describes the
influence of the spatial environment on the
health, the mind, and the behavior of
humans in and around organizations. It is
an area of scientific research in which
interdisciplinarity is a central perspective.
Top space organizations
1. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
2. China National Space Administration
(CNSA)
3. European Space Agency (ESA)
4. Russian Federal Space Agency
(Roscosmos)
5. Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO)
First Human orbits the earth
(April 12, 1961)
It was Vostok 1 that carried the
first human being into space. It
carried cosmonaut Yury A.
Gagarin, who made a single orbit
of the earth in 1 hour, 48 minutes.
After this first achievement in
space exploration, U.S.S.R
launched a series of six Vostoks
in two years and the last one
remained in the space for 94
hours and traveled 1,600,000
miles orbiting around the Earth.
First space walk (March 18,
1965)
Voskhod 2 was launched in 1965 and during its
orbit around the Earth; it let Aleksey
Arkhipovich Leonov out of the space craft by
means of an air lock. All this time he remained
tethered to the ship and took pictures, and also
practiced to maneuver free fall before
reentering the Voskhod 2. This space ship
completed 17 orbits in 26 hours.
First spacecraft soft lands on
the moon (February 3, 1966)
Luna 9 was one among the series of
24 unmanned Soviet spacecrafts
launched between 1959-76. Whereas
Luna 1 became the first man-
made object to orbit around the sun,
Luna 9 achieved the success of soft
landing. This was followed by more
lunar probes and the last spacecraft,
Luna 24 successfully returned back
with lunar soil samples dug from 70
feet below the moon’s surface.
First human walks on the moon
(July 20, 1969):
It was on July 16, 1969 when Neil
Armstrong, along with Edwin E.
Aldrin Jr. and Michael Collins left in
Apollo 11 for the moon. Four days
later, Apollo 11 touched down on the
south western edge of the Sea of
Tranquility. And, this is what he said
“That’s one small step for a man,
one giant leap for mankind.” Indeed,
Armstrong’s journey to the moon will
be always remembered as an event
which marked the power of science
and technology in space
exploration.
PRESENT MISSIONS
PARKER SOLAR
PROBE
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe will be
the first-ever mission to "touch" the
Sun. The spacecraft, about the size
of a small car, will travel directly
into the Sun's atmosphere about 4
million miles from the surface.
Parker Solar Probe launched in
2018. To trace the flow of energy
and understand the heating of the
solar corona and to explore what
accelerates the solar wind.
Mars Orbiter Mission
• The Mars Orbiter Mission, also
called Mangalyaan, is a space
probe orbiting Mars. It was
launched on 5 November 2013 by
the Indian Space Research
Organisation. to develop the
technologies required for
designing, planning, management
and operations of an interplanetary
mission. The secondary objective is
to explore Mars' surface features,
morphology, mineralogy and
Martian atmosphere using
indigenous scientific instruments.
CASSINI–HUYGENS
• The Cassini–Huygens mission,
commonly called Cassini, was
a collaboration between NASA,
the European Space Agency,
and the Italian Space Agency to
send a probe to study the
planet Saturn and its system,
including its rings and natural
[Link] was launched in
1997.
Problems faced during space
mission
GRAVITY FIELDS
There are three gravity fields you
would experience on a Mars
mission. On the six-month trek
between the planets, you would be
weightless. On the surface of Mars,
you would live and work in
approximately one-third of Earth’s
gravity, and when you return home
you will have to readapt to the
gravity we take for granted.
Isolation
Expedition crews selected for a stay
aboard the space station are
carefully chosen, trained, and
supported to make sure they can
work effectively as a team for six
months. Crews for a Mars mission
will undergo even more scrutiny and
preparation, since they will travel
farther and longer than any previous
human, being more isolated and
confined than we can imagine. The
types of problems you may
encounter are a decline in mood,
cognition, morale, or interpersonal
interaction.
Space Radiation
Space Radiation. The most dangerous
aspect of traveling to Mars is space
radiation. On the space station,
astronauts receive over ten times the
radiation than what’s naturally occurring
on Earth. Our planet’s magnetic field and
atmosphere protect us from harsh cosmic
radiation, but without that, you are more
exposed to the treacherous
radiation. Above Earth’s protective
shielding, radiation exposure may
increase your cancer risk.
Distance from Earth
Planning and self-sufficiency are
key. How far away is Mars? 140
million miles from Earth on
average. In contrast the moon is
only 0.239 million miles away. With a
communication delay of up to twenty
minutes one-way while on Mars and
the possibility of equipment failures,
you must be able to complete the
mission on your own.
How do space craft move from one
planet to other planet?
• Any spacecraft sitting on a launch
pad on Earth is already in orbit
around the Sun because the Earth is
orbiting around the Sun. We can put
a spacecraft in orbit so it goes around
the Sun the same way. From that
point, the spacecraft can have its
speed adjusted to change its orbit
around the Sun. Those adjustments
can take a craft to Mars or to Venus
from Earth. This is called a Hohmann
Transfer Orbit, or a least energy orbit,
because this is the easiest way to
send spacecraft between planets.
FUTURE MISSIONS
CHANDRAYAN -II
Chandrayaan-2, India's second
mission to the Moon is a totally
indigenous mission comprising of an
Orbiter, Lander and Rover. After
reaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the
Lander housing the Rover will separate
from the Orbiter. After a controlled
descent, the Lander will soft land on
the lunar surface at a specified site and
deploy a Rover.
GAGANYAAN
• Gaganyaan ("orbital
vehicle") is an indian crewed
orbital spacecraft intended to
be the basis of the indian
human spaceflight
programme.
The spacecraft is being
designed to carry three
people, and a planned
upgraded version will be
equipped with rendezvous
and docking capability. The
crewed vehicle is planned to
be launched on isro's GSLV
mark III in december 2021.
JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST)
• The telescopes four infrared
instruments will search for
the first galaxies formed after
the Big Bang, determine how
galaxies evolved, observe the
formation of stars from the
first stages, measure the
physical and chemical
properties of planetary
systems, including our own
Solar System, and
investigate the potential for
life in those systems.
All these achievements prove that our vision can go beyond space.