Basic english

BY
HARI SUJADI, [Link] NS. [Link]
 Rule 1
Adjectives modify nouns; adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs
 Richard is careless

 Richard talks carelessly

 Priya was extremely happy

 Brendan finished his worked unusually quickly

 True or false

 He is a quietly man F
 He is a quiet man T

 I have a happy dog T

 I have a happily dog F

 He talks carelessly about your wife. T

 He talks careless about your wife. F

 He is breathing normal again. F

 He is breathing normally again. T

 Rule 2
An adjective always follows a form of the verb to be
when it modifies the noun before the verb.
 I was nervous

 She has been sick all week

 Be careful

 They tried to be helpful

 Rule 3
an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of
appearance -- feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and
seem -- when it modifies the noun before the verb

 Sharon cough sounds bad

 Caster oil tastes awful

 The ocean air smells fresh

 She seems unhappy today

 The images on the negative appeared dark
 Be careful !!

 If the word modifies the subject, you should use an

adjective. If the word modifies the verb, you should
use an adverb.
 Ex:
 This apple smells sweet ; This apple smells sweetly

 Your dog smells carefully; Your dog smells careful

 Avoiding Common Errors
 Bad or Badly?
 When you want to describe how you feel, you should use an
adjective
 I feel bad ! NOT I feel badly !

 Good or Well?
 Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good but you do
well and live well
 feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good
 well can function either as an adverb or an adjective.
 When well is used as an adjective, it means "not sick" or "in good
health.“
 feel well or are well (after recovering from an illness)
 When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as
an adverb; for example, "I did well on my exam.”
 Avoiding Common Errors

 Double-negatives
 in English only one negative is ever used at a time
 They found scarcely any animals on the island. (not scarcely
no...)
Hardly anyone came to the party. (not hardly no one...)
 Sure or Surely?
 Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb
 I am sure that you were there

 He is surely ready to take on this project

 She is sure to be a great leader

 Avoiding Common Errors
 Real or Really?
 Real is an adjective, and really is an adverb
 she did really well on that test

 Popular culture propose imaginary solutions to real problems

 Near or Nearly?
 Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition.
Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost
but not quite."
 the moment of truth neared

 We are nearly finished with this project

 I’ll be seeing in the near future

 the detective solves the mystery in the scene near
the end of the movie
 Avoiding Common Errors

 Some/Any:
 Both modify countable and uncountable nouns.
 There is some water on the floor.
There are some Mexicans here.
 Do you have any food?
Do you have any apples?
 Much/Many:
 MUCH modifies only uncountable nouns.
 They have much money in the bank.
 MANY modifies only countable nouns.
 Many Americans travel to Europe.
 A lot of/lots of:
 These are informal substitutes for MUCH and MANY. They are
used with uncountable nouns when they mean MUCH and with
countable nouns when they mean MANY.
 They have lots of money in the bank.
A lot of Americans travel to Europe.
 Avoiding Common Errors
 Little/Few:
 LITTLE modifies only uncountable nouns.
 He had little food in the house.
 FEW modifies only countable nouns.
 There are a few doctors in town.
 A little bit of:
 This phrase is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.
 There is a little bit of pepper in the soup.
 Enough:
 ENOUGH modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
 There is enough money to buy a car.
I have enough books to read.
 Plenty of:
 This phrase modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
 They have plenty of money in the bank.
There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.
 No:
 NO modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
 There is no time to finish now.
There are no squirrels in the park
 article

 Definite (the) and indefinite (a, an)

 indefinite articles are used with singular nouns when
the noun is general; the corresponding indefinite
quantity word some is used for plural general nouns
 The definite article is used before singular and plural
nouns when the noun is particular or specific.
 Rules of indefinite article (a, an)

 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a

boy
 an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an
elephant
 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant
sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with
a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used)
 some + plural noun: some girls
 task

 … broken egg
 … unusual problem
 …european country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e.
begins with consonant 'y' sound)
 Conclusion:
 If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a
and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that
immedately follows the article
 task

 I am …teacher.
 Brian is …Irishman.
 Seiko is …practicing Buddhist.
 Conclusion:
 the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a
profession, nation, or religion.
 Definite article (the)

Indefinite (a or an) Definite (the)

a dog (any dog) the dog (that specific dog)

Singular
an apple (any apple) the apple (that specific apple)

some dogs (any dogs) the dogs (those specific dogs)

Plural
some apples (any apples) the apples (those specific apples)
 Rules of indefinite article

 The is not used with uncountable nouns referring to

something in a general sense:
 [no article] Coffee is a popular drink.
[no article] Japanese was his native language.
[no article] Intelligence is difficult to quantify.
 The is used with uncountable nouns that are made more
specific by a limiting modifying phrase or clause:
 The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink.
The Japanese he speaks is often heard in the countryside.
The intelligence of animals is variable but undeniable.
 The is also used when a noun refers to something
unique:
 the White House
the theory of relativity
the 1999 federal budget
 Do not use ‘the’ before:

 names of countries (Italy, Mexico, Bolivia) except the

Netherlands and the US
 names of cities, towns, or states (Seoul, Manitoba, Miami)
 names of streets (Washington Blvd., Main St.)
 names of lakes and bays (Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie) except
with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
 names of mountains (Mount Everest, Mount Fuji) except
with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or
unusual names like the Matterhorn
 names of continents (Asia, Europe)
 names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with
island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary
Islands
 Use ‘the’ before

 names of rivers, oceans and seas (the Nile, the

Pacific)
 points on the globe (the Equator, the North Pole)
 geographical areas (the Middle East, the West)
 deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas (the Sahara,
the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian
Peninsula)
 Further use of article

 Countable vs uncountable noun

 First vs subsequent mention

 General vs spesific
 First vs. Subsequent Mention

 A or an is used to introduce a noun when it is mentioned

for the first time in a piece of writing. The is used
afterward each time you mention that same noun.
 An awards ceremony at the Kremlin would not normally
have attracted so much attention. But when it was leaked
that Soviet President Konstantin Chernenko would be
presenting medals to three cosmonauts, interest in the
ceremony intensified. Time, Sept. 17, 1984.
 Note: There is and there are can be used to introduce
an indefinite noun at the beginning of a paragraph or
essay.
 There is a robin in the tree outside my window. When
my cat jumps up on the desk, the robin flies away.
 General vs spesific

 A tiger is a dangerous animal. (any individual tiger)

The tiger is a dangerous animal. (all tigers: tiger as a
generic category)
 no article with a plural noun: Tigers are dangerous
animals. (all tigers)
no article with a noncountable noun: Anger is a
destructive emotion. (any kind of anger)
 Omission of Articles

 Names of languages and nationalities

 Chinese
 English
 Spanish
 Russian
 Names of sports
 volleyball
 hockey
 baseball
 Names of academic subjects
 mathematics
 biology
 history
 computer science
 Count and uncountable nouns

 The main difference between count and noncount

nouns is whether you can count the things they refer
to or not.
 Count nouns refer to things that exist as separate
and distinct individual units. They usually refer to
what can be perceived by the senses.
 Examples:
 Table, chair, word, finger, remark, girl, bottle, award,
candidate
 Countable Nouns

 Concrete nouns may be countable.

 There are a dozen flowers in the vase.
He ate an apple for a snack.
 Collective nouns are countable.
 She attended three classes today.
London is home to several orchestras.
 Some proper nouns are countable.
 There are many Greeks living in New York.
The Vanderbilts would throw lavish parties at their Newport
summer mansion.
 Uncountable Nouns

 Abstract nouns are uncountable.

 The price of freedom is constant vigilance.
Her writing shows maturity and intelligence.
 Some concrete nouns are uncountable (when
understood in their undivided sense).
 The price of oil has stabilized recently.
May I borrow some rice?
 Uncountable can be prulalised
Uncountable Sense Countable Sense

Art is often called an imitation of life. I read a book about the folk arts of
Sweden.

Life is precious. A cat has nine lives.

He likes to eat pizza. How many pizzas should we order?

Religion has been a Many religions are practiced in the

powerful force in history. United States.

She has beautiful skin. The hull of a kayak is made of animal

skins.

Dr. Moulton is an expert in ancient Greek We have several sculptures in our home.
sculpture.

We use only recycled paper in our office. Where are those important papers?
Countable vs uncountable noun

 I stepped in a puddle.

 I drank a glass of milk.

 I saw an apple tree.

 I dove into the water.

 I saw the milk spill.

 I admired the foliage.

Is it count or uncountable noun?
 Uses of Count and Noncount Nouns

 Pluralizing
 most count nouns pluralize with -s

 noncount nouns don't pluralize at all

 An Exception to the Rule

 For a number of nouns, the rule needs slight revision. Certain
nouns in English belong to both classes: they have both a
noncount and a count meaning. Normally the noncount
meaning is abstract and general and the count meaning
concrete and specific.
 Uses of Count and Noncount Nouns

 I've had some difficulties finding a job.

 She succeeded in school with little difficulty.
 Light travels faster than sound.
 The city was filled with bright lights and harsh
sounds.
 I dislike idle talk.
 The talks will take place in the Krannert building.
 Using Articles with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 A countable noun always takes either the indefinite

(a, an) or definite (the) article when it is singular.

 When plural, it takes the definite article if it refers to

a definite, specific group and no article if it is used in
a general sense.

 Example:
 The guest of honor arrived late.
You are welcome as a guest in our home.
The guests at your party yesterday made a lot of noise.
Guests are welcome here anytime.
 Using Articles with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 Uncountable nouns never take the indefinite article

(a or an), but they do take singular verbs. The is
sometimes used with uncountable nouns in the same
way it is used with plural countable nouns, that is, to
refer to a specific object, group, or idea.
 Information is a precious commodity in our computerized
world.
The information in your files is correct.
Sugar has become more expensive recently.
Please pass me the sugar.
 Categories of Uncountable Nouns

Non-Plurals
Abstract Material Generic
with - s
advice meat fruit mathematics
help rice wildlife economics
information bread equipment physics
knowledge cake machinery civics
trouble coffee furniture ethics
work ice cream mail mumps
enjoyment water luggage measles
fun oil jewelry news
recreation grass clothing tennis
relaxation hair money (other games)
 Nouns and Articles

these, no
a, an The this, that
those article

Count
XX XX XX
singular

Count
XX XX XX
plural

Noncount XX XX XX
 example

 Count Singular:
I ate an apple.
I rode the bus.
Does she live in this house? No, she lives in that house
over there.
 Count Plural:
I like to feed the birds.
Do you want these books? No, I want those books up
there.
Cats are interesting pets.
 Noncount:
The water is cold.
This milk is going sour.
Music helps me relax.
 Quantity Terms

many, both,
some, any,
several,
much, less, most, more,
few/fewer/few each, every,
little, a little, all, a lot of,
est, a few, one any, one
very little no, none of
of the, a
the
couple of
Count
XX
singular
Count plural XX XX
Noncount XX XX
 example

 Count Singular:
I practice every day.
I'd like one donut, please.
 Count Plural:
Can I have some chips?
She has a lot of books, and many are autographed.
I have fewer pencils than you.
 Noncount:
Can I have some water?
She has a lot of strength, and much is due to her
upbringing.
I have less courage than you.
 Quantity Adjectives with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 Some, Any (Both words modify either countable or

uncountable nouns).
 There are some cookies in the jar. (countable)
There is some water on the floor. (uncountable)
 Did you eat any food? (uncountable)
Do you serve any vegetarian dishes? (countable)
 Much, Many
 Much modifies only uncountable nouns.
 How much money will we need?
They ate so much cake that they started to feel sick.
Much effort will be required to solve this problem.
 Many modifies only countable nouns.
 How many children do you have?
They had so many books that they had to stack them in the hall.
Many Americans travel to Europe each year.
 Quantity Adjectives with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 A lot of, Lots of (These words are informal

substitutes for much and many).
 Lots of effort will be required to solve this problem.
(uncountable)
A lot of Americans travel to Europe each year. (countable)
 Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few
 Little and quite a little modify only uncountable
nouns.
 We had a little ice cream after dinner.
They offered little help for my problem. (meaning "only a small
amount")
They offered quite a little help for my problem. (meaning "a
large amount") (See quite a bit of, below.)
 Quantity Adjectives with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.

 A few doctors from the hospital play on the softball team.
Few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning "only
a small number")
Quite a few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes.
(meaning "a large number")
 A little bit of, Quite a bit of
 These informal phrases usually precede uncountable
nouns. Quite a bit of has the same meaning as quite a
little and is used more commonly.
 There's a little bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a small amount")
There's quite a bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a large amount")
 Quantity Adjectives with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns

 Enough (This word modifies both countable and

uncountable nouns).
 I don't have enough potatoes to make the soup.
We have enough money to buy a car.
 Plenty of (This term modifies both countable and
uncountable nouns).
 There are plenty of mountains in Switzerland.
She has plenty of money in the bank.
 No (This word modifies both countable and
uncountable nouns).
 There were no squirrels in the park today.
We have no time left to finish the project
 Prepositions of Direction: To, On(to),
In(to)

 The basic preposition of a direction is "to.“

 When the goal is physical, such as a destination, "to"
implies movement in the direction of the goal.
 Sa'id returned to his apartment

 When the goal is not a physical place, for instance, an

action, "to" marks a verb; it is attached as an infinitive
and expresses purpose. The preposition may occur
alone or in the phrase in order.
 Li Ling washed her dog (in order) to rid it of fleas.
 Physical and not physical
 The other two prepositions of direction are compounds
formed by adding "to" to the corresponding prepositions of
location.

 ON + TO = onto: signifies movement

toward a surface

 IN + TO = into: signifies movement

toward the interior of a volume
With many verbs of motion, "on" and "in" have a
directional meaning and can be used along with
"onto" and "into".

 Tai-shing jumped in/into the pool.

 Porfirio fell on/onto the floor.
 The crab washed up on/onto the shore.

 Jean fell on(to) the floor.

 Jean is on the floor.

 Jack dived in(to) the water.

 Jack is in the water.
 Uses of "to"

 verb + to + infinitive (Verbs in this group express

willingness, desire, intention, or obligation).
 Examples:
 (9) I refuse to allow you to intimidate me with your threats.
(10) I'd like to ask her how long she's been skiing.
(11) I plan to graduate this summer.
(12) Henry had to pay his tuition at the Bursar's office.

 Continue by self reading

 Post test next week