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Shell Model of the Atomic Nucleus

The shell model treats nucleons as moving independently in nuclear orbits determined by a central potential well. Nuclei with filled nuclear shells (magic numbers of protons and neutrons) are particularly stable. The shell model successfully explains several nuclear properties including magic numbers, magnetic moments, ground state spins, and nuclear isomerism. However, it fails to fully explain the stability of some light nuclei and does not always accurately predict nuclear spins, quadrupole moments, and magnetic moments.

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Muhammad Mujahid Iqbal
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530 views14 pages

Shell Model of the Atomic Nucleus

The shell model treats nucleons as moving independently in nuclear orbits determined by a central potential well. Nuclei with filled nuclear shells (magic numbers of protons and neutrons) are particularly stable. The shell model successfully explains several nuclear properties including magic numbers, magnetic moments, ground state spins, and nuclear isomerism. However, it fails to fully explain the stability of some light nuclei and does not always accurately predict nuclear spins, quadrupole moments, and magnetic moments.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Mujahid Iqbal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Shell Model
  • Nucleon Interactions
  • Filled Shells and Stability
  • Main Assumptions of Shell Model
  • Shell Model Mechanics
  • Experimental Evidence for Magic Numbers
  • Achievements of the Shell Model
  • Limitations of the Shell Model
  • Decorative Page

Shell Model

 In shell model each nucleon interact


chiefly with a general force field
produced by all the other nucleons.
 The atoms with 2,10,18,36,54 and 86
electrons have all their electron shell
completely filled.
 In the same way, nuclei that have
2,8,20,28,50,82 and 126 neutrons and
protons are more abundant than other
nuclei of similar mass numbers,
suggesting their structures are more
stable.
 It has been observed that nuclei having
either the number of protons Z on
number of neutrons N =A -Z equal to
one of the numbers 2, 8, 20, 50, 82
and 126 are more stable than their
neighbours. These numbers are called
magic numbers
Main Assumptions

 [Link] forms subshellsand shells


with in the nucleus
 [Link] shell within the nucleus get
closed with a suitable number of
nucleons.
 3. Each nucleon is supposed to possess
a spin angular momentumof ħ/2 and
orbital angular momentum lħ.
 4. This theory assumes that LS
coupling holds only for the verylightest
nuclei in which the l values are
necessarily small in their normal
configuration.
 5. The heavier nuclei exhibit j-j
coupling.
Shell Model
Shell Model

 It is assumed that the nucleons move


in its orbit within the
nucleus,independently of all other
nucleons.
 The orbit is determined by a potential
energy function V(r) which represent
the average effect of all interaction
with other nucleons,and is same for
each particle.
 Each nucleons is regarded as an
independent particle and the
interaction between a nucleons is
considered to be a small
perturbationOn the interaction
between a nucleon and the potential
field.
 There is a direct analogy between the
theoretical treatment of a Nucleus and
an electron in an atom.
Experimental Evidence of
Nuclear Magic Numbers
 [Link] has been experimentally observed
that the nuclei for whichN and Z are
2,8……..42He and 168O are more stable
then their neighbours.
 2. Stability also related to the natural
abundance. It has been observedFrom
the experimental data that the nuclei
having number of nucleonsas magic
number are in abundance as compared
to other nuclei in Nature.
Main Achievements of Shell
model (SM)
 [Link] explains Magic numbers.
 2. It explains the magnetic moment of
some nuclei nicely.
 3. It explains successfully the ground
state spin.
 4. It explains the great stability and
high binding energy.
 5. It explains the phenomenon of
nuclear isomerism.
 Note: Atoms having the same mass
number but different atomic number,
are distinguish by certain difference in
the internal structure of the nucleus
are called isomers.
Main Limitation of Shell
Model (SM)
 [Link] fail to explain the stability of four
stable nuclei 21H, 63Li,105B 147N.
 2. It does not predict correct values of
nuclear spin for certain nuclei.
 3. The Quadrupolemoment calculated
using this model in also not in good
agreement.
 [Link] magnetic moment is also shows
some deviation from observed values.

Shell Model
In shell model each nucleon interact chiefly with a general force field produced by all the other nucleons.
The atoms with 2,10,18,36,54 and 86 electrons have all their electron shell completely filled. In the same way, nuclei th
It has been observed that nuclei having either the number of protons Z on number of neutrons N =A -Z equal to one of the
Main Assumptions 1.Nucleon forms subshellsand shells with in the nucleus 2.The shell within the nucleus get closed with a
4. This theory assumes that LS coupling holds only for the verylightest nuclei in which the l values are necessarily smal
Shell Model
Shell Model It is assumed that the nucleons move in its orbit within the nucleus,independently of all other nucleons. Th
Each nucleons is regarded as an independent particle and the interaction between a nucleons is considered to be a small
Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Magic Numbers 1.It has been experimentally observed that the nuclei for whichN and Z are

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