OPERATIVE
INSTRUMENTS
SUBMITTED BY-ARNAVI
FINAL YEAR
[Link] BLACKIS CREDITED WITH THE
FIRST ACCEPTABLE NOMENCLATURE FOR AND
CLASSIFICATION OF HAND INSTRUMENTS
Cutting instruments
HAND -hatchet,hoes,chisel,excavator
ROTARY –burs,stones
CONDENSING INSTRUMENTS -Pluggers –hand,-mechanical
PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS –plastic filling instrument,cement
carriers,carvers,burnishers,spatulas
FINISHING AND POLISHING INSTRUMENTS-HAND-orangewood
sticks,finishing strips,polishing points-ROTARY-rubber cup,finishing
brushes,mounted brushes,mounted stones
ISOLATION INSTRUMENTS –saliva ejector,rubber dam frame,forceps
and punch ,cotton roll holder
MISCELLANOUS INSTRUMENTS-mouth mirrors,explorers,probes,others
MARZOUKS CLASSIFICATION –this classification
is based upon different procedures performed
by different instruments
EXPLORING INSTRUMENTS- RESTORING INSTRUMENTS-Mixing
TWEEZERS, -RETRACTORS-mouth instruments:stainless steel or
mirror plastic instruments,tongue plastic spatulas –Condensing
depressor instruments:rounded,diamond or
,probes/explorers,separators parallelogram
INSTRUMENTS FOR TOOTH Burnishing instruments-
STRUCTURE REMOVAL –Hand cutting ball/egg/conical burnisher
instruments- Carvers-hollenback`s ,diamond
excavators:hatchet,hoes,spoon shaped carvers
chisels- Files-Hatchet/parallelogram
straight,monoangle,biangle, and shaped
triple angle Knives-bard parker knife and
Special form of Chisels:enamel stein`s knife
hatchets,gingival margin trimmers FINISHING and POLISHING
Rotary cutting and abrasive instruments:
instruments:handpieces,burs,ultras burs,stones,brushes,rubber cups
onic instruments
[Link] BLACK gave following way to describe instruments
for their easier identification
ORDER-function or purpose of
the instrument e.g.
excavator,condenser
SUBORDER –position,mode or
manner of use e.g. push or
pull
CLASS-Design or form of the
working end
[Link],spoon excavator
SUBCLASS –shape of the shank
e.g. biangle,contraangle
PARTS OF HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
Handle or shaft –handle is used to hold the instrument
SHANK- connects the handle to the blade ,shank may be straight
or angled .Angulation of instrument is provided for access and
stability ,closer the working end to the long axis of the handle better
will be the control over it .
Blade or Nib –blade is working part of the instrument which
has nib or cutting edge ,it is connected to the handle by the shank
,for non cutting instruments ,the working part is termed the nib and
is used to place ,adapt and condense .For Cutting instruments
,working part is bevelled to create the cutting [Link] instrument has
blade on both ends of the handle ,it is known as double ended
instrumentIn some instruments there are 3 bevels .Two are on the
side and one is at the end .The edge on the end is called primary
cutting edge and the edges on the sides are called the secondary
cutting edges
INSTRUMENT [Link] BLACK ESTABLISHED
AN INSTRUMENT FORMULA FOR describing dimensions of
blade,nib or head of instrument and angles present in
shank of the [Link] uses metric [Link]
designating angulation,centigrade are used
THREE NUMBER FORMULA-
IT Is used for instruments in
which the cutting edge is at FOUR NUMBER FORMULA –It is used for
right angle to the long axis of instruments in which primary cutting edge is
the blade .First number of the not at right angle to long axis of the blade
formula indicates width of the .First number of the formula indicates width
blade or primary cutting edge of the blade or primary cutting edge in
in tenths of a millimetre tenths of a [Link] number
.Second number represents the represents the angle formed by the primary
length of the blade in cutting edge and long axis of the instru
millimetres Third number ment in clockwise centigrade .Third number
represents the angle which the represents the length of the blade in
blade forms with the long axis [Link] number reprtesents the angle
of the handle . which the blade forms with the long axis of
the handlein clockwise centigrade.
BEVELS IN CUTTING INSTRUMENTS –MOST of the
instruments have single bevel that forms the primary
cutting edge
Right and Left bevel Identification of bevel-HOLD
instruments –During use the instrument in such a way
,move the instrument from that the primary cutting
right to left in right bevel edge faces downwards and
instrument and from left to pointing away from operator.
right in left bevel If bevel is on the right side
[Link] are of the instrument ,the
made in pairs having bevels instrument is right sided and
on opposite sides of the if bevel is on the left side of
blade. the blade the instrument is
left –sided.
MESIAL AND DISTAL BIBEVELED
BEVEL INSTRUMENTS – if INSTRUMENTS –If two
we observe the inside of the additional cutting edges
blade curvature and the extend from the primary
primary bevel is not visible cutting edge ,then the
then the instrument has a
distal bevel and if the
instrument with secondary
primary bevel can be seen edges is called bibeveled
from the similar view point instruments .Only
the instrument has a mesial hatchets and hoes are
or reverse bevel . bibeveled instruments .
ORDINARY HATCHETS are used
primarily on anterior teeth for
preparing retentive areas,and
sharpening internal line angles
,particularly in preparations for
direct gold restoration.
Spoon excavators
They are used for removing
caries and carving amalgam
or direct wax [Link]
blades are slightly curved
and the cutting edges are
either circular or claw-like
GINGIVAL MARGIN TRIMMER
It is similar in design to the enamel
hatchet except the blade is curved .the
primary cutting edge is at an angle other
than 90 [Link] is made as right and
left types .It is also made so that a right
and left pair is either a mesial pair or a
distal pair.
USES: It is designed
to produce a proper bevel on gingival
enamel margins of proximo-occlusal
preparations and also rounding axiopulpal
line angles of two-surface preparation.
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