CHAPTER 4 FORM5
Thermochemistry
Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction
• There is energy changes when a chemical reaction takes place.
• The energy is in the form of heat, could be released or absorbed
during the chemical reaction.
• There are 2 types of reaction with change in heat energy:
a. Exothermic reaction
b. Endothermic reaction
• The chart below shows the difference between this 2 reactions.
Exothermic Reaction
• Exothermic reaction is the chemical reaction that releases heat to the
surrounding.
• When energy is given off during a chemical reaction,
the temperature of the surrounding will increase.
• CHEMICAL ENERGY HEAT ENERGY
Example of Exothermic Reaction
Reaction Equation
Neutralization Diluted sulphuric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide aqueous
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Acid + carbonate VReaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Calcium oxide + water CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Reaction between alkali Sodium + Water
metal(Li/Na/K) and water 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Reaction between reactive Magnesium + Nitric acid
metal(Mg/Al/Zn/Fe)and diluted acid Mg + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Combustion Combustion of methane
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Endothermic Reaction
• Endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from
surroundings.
• When energy is taken from the surrounding during a chemical
reaction, the temperature of the surrounding will decrease.
• HEAT ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY
Example of Endothermic
Reaction
Decomposition of carbonate Decomposition of calcium carbonate by heat
metal by heat
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Decomposition of nitrate metal Decomposition of Lead Nitrate by Heat
by heat
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Dissolve potassium nitrate,
ammonium nitrate or KNO3 + Water → K+ + NO3–
ammonium chloride in water. NH4NO3 + Water → NH4+ + NO3–
NH4Cl + Water → NH4+ + Cl-
Reaction of heat on hydrated
copper(II) sulphate. CuSO4•xH2O → CuSO4 + xH2O
Energy Level Diagram
• When a chemical reaction occurs, certain amount of heat is given off
or absorb.
• The energy change in the chemical reaction can be presented by an
energy level diagram.
• An energy level diagram it is a graph that shows the energy change in
a chemical reaction.
Exothermic Reaction
• Figure below shows the general energy level diagram for exothermic
reaction.
• We can see that the energy decreases after reaction. This is because
energy is given off during an exothermic reaction.
Example
• Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
• ∆H = 126 kJ mol-1
• The energy level diagram of the reaction above is as below:
Endothermic reaction
• Figure below shows the general energy level diagram for endothermic
reaction.
• The energy increases after reaction. This is because energy is
absorbed during an endothermic reaction.
Example
• CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
• ∆H= +130.5 kJ mol-1
• The energy level diagram of the reaction above is as below:
Energy Change During Formation and
Breaking of Bonds
Breaking and Formation of Chemical Bond
1) During a reaction, energy must be supplied to break bonds in the
reactants, and energy is give out when the bonds in the products form.
2) The amount of energy that absorbed or released depends on the
strength of the bond.
3) If the amount of energy released during the process of creating bond is
higher than the amount of energy that taken in during process of
breaking bond, the reaction is an exothermic reaction.
4) If the amount of energy been absorbed to break the bond is higher than
the amount of energy been released during the formation of chemical
bond, the reaction is an endothermic reaction.
Heat of Reaction
• The Heat of Reaction is the heat absorbed in a reaction at standard
state condition between the numbers of moles of reactants shown in
the equation for the reaction.
• The Heat of reaction is represented by the symbol ∆H.
• The unit of ∆H is kJmol-1.
• If the reaction is exothernic, ∆H shows a value of negative. If the
reaction is endothernic, ∆H shows a value of positive.
The 4 heat of reaction that you need to know in the syllabus:
• Heat of Precipitation
The heat of precipitation of a substance is the heat change when 1 mole of
precipitate formed from its solution of ion under standard state condition.
• Heat of Displacement
The Heat of Displacement of an element is the heat change when 1 mole of
the element was displaced from its compound under standard state
condition.
• Heat of Neutralisation
Heat of neutralisation is the heat change when 1 mol of water is formed by
the neutralisation of hydrogen ions by hydroxide ions with measurements
made under standard conditions.
• Heat of Combustion
The Heat of Combustion of a substance is the heat energy evolved when 1
mole of the substance is completely burnt in oxygen.
Heat of Precipitation
• The heat of precipitation is the energy change when one mole of
precipitate is formed from its ion.
• Precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions containing cations
and anions of insoluble salts added together.
• This reaction is known as the double decomposition reaction and is
used to prepare any insoluble salt.
• The heat of precipitation is the energy change when one mole of
precipitate is formed from its ion.
• For the heat of precipitation, it can be an exothermic or endothermic
reaction.
Heat of Displacement
• Displacement reaction occurs when a metal which is situated at a
higher position in the electrochemical series displace a metal below it
from its salt solution.
• The heat of displacement is the energy change when one mole of
metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive
metal
• Displacement reaction is always an exothermic reaction
Heat of Neutralization
1. The heat of neutralisation is the heat energy evolved when an acid reacts with
a base, per mole of the acid or base. All measurements are made under
standard state conditions.
2. An example of the enthalpy change of neutralisation is the heat change
obtained in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The
equation for the reaction is
3. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(1);
∆H = -57 kJ mol-1
4. The heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong alkali is almost the
same for all acids and alkalis. This is because the same reaction always takes
places. The reaction is H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
5. Heat change of neutralization reaction is affected by 3 factors:
• Quantity of acid and alkali
• Basicity of the acid and alkali
• Strength of acid and alkali
Examples of Neutralization Reaction
Equation Half Equation
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa +H2O H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
Neutralisation Between “Strong Acid and Strong
Alkali” vs “Weak Acid and Strong Alkali”
• Below is the comparison of the heat of neutralisation of the reaction between “strong acid and strong alkali” and “weak acid and strong alkali”.
Strong Acid and Strong Alkali
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
∆H = -57kJ mol-1
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
∆H = -57kJ mol-1
2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
∆H = -57kJ mol-1
Weak Acid and Strong Alkali
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa +H2O
∆H = -55kJ mol-1
HCN + KOH → KCN + H2O
∆H = -12kJ mol-1
• The heat of neutralisation between strong acid and strong alkali is almost the same (-57kJ mol-1 ) for all acid and all alkali.
• Nevertheless, the heat of neutralisation between weak acid and strong alkali is always less than -57kJ mol-1.
• This is because weak acids are partially decomposed.
• During the reaction of neutralisation, the acid molecules will be decomposed to form hydrogen ions and react with the hydroxide ions from alkali.
• Part of the heat released during the formation of water molecule is used to decompose the acid to form hydrogen ion.
Heat of Combustion
Combustion
Combustion is a reaction when a substance burns completely in the excess
oxygen.
Example, combustion of methane in excess of oxygen produces carbon
dioxide and water.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
All fuel combustion are exothermic reactions.
Heat of Combustion
• The Heat of Combustion of a substance is the heat energy released when 1
mole of the substance is completely burnt in excess oxygen in a standard
condition