Gage R&R

Gage R&R Training

1. What is Gage R&R

2. Why Gage R&R
3. Definition of a Gage
4. Definition of Measurement Error
5. Sources of Measurement Error / Variation
6. Repeatability & Reproducibility
7. A Gage R&R Study
8. Analyzing the Results
9. Understanding The Results
10. Understanding the Graphs
11. Further Analysis
12. Making Use of The Results
13. Summary
Gage R&R Training

Gage R & R

It is a Study of the Variation in a measurement

system. This includes the gage, operators,
parts, characteristic and the environment in
which it is measured.

The output of the study is the estimated

variation(Measurement Error) inherent in the
measurement system.
 Gage R&R Training

Why Gage R & R

Measurement systems are extremely important in
continuous process improvement & product confirmation.
We must measure to know where we are. We use
measurements to tell us if there is a problem in the
process or if a process change has improved the process.
For measurements to be effective, they must be timely,
accurate, and precise.
Since you cannot address something that cannot be
measured precisely or the when the measurement
precision is unknown, you must start with an assessment
of the measurement system.
Gage R&R Training

Why Gage R & R

The Effect of the Measurement System Precision
on Product acceptance or Rejection.
Gage R&R Training

Why Gage R & R

The Effect of the Measurement System Precision
on Process Control and Improvement.
Graph and Table of Actual Cp for Combination of Observed Cp and % R&R

%R&R % R&R
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.55
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.69
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.85
OBSERVED CP 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.90 0.96 1.06
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.06 1.16 1.33
1.00 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.07 1.13 1.23 1.40 1.73
1.10 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.19 1.28 1.43 1.72 2.49
1.20 1.20 1.21 1.25 1.32 1.45 1.68 2.20 5.84
1.30 1.30 1.32 1.36 1.46 1.63 1.99 3.11
1.40 1.40 1.42 1.48 1.61 1.85 2.42 6.81
1.50 1.50 1.52 1.60 1.76 2.10 3.08
1.60 1.60 1.63 1.72 1.93 2.40 4.42
1.70 1.70 1.73 1.85 2.11 2.79
1.80 1.80 1.84 1.98 2.32 3.31
1.90 1.90 1.95 2.12 2.54 4.09
2.00 2.00 2.06 2.26 2.80 5.52
Gage R&R Training

What is a Gage (Gauge)

Definition: Any instrument or apparatus for
measuring the state of a
phenomenon/characteristic, and or for ascertaining
its numerical value at a particular moment
 Gage R&R Training

Measurement/Observational Error
Observational error is the difference between a
measured value of quantity and its true value.
A measurement error is not a "mistake". Variability is
an inherent part of things being measured and of the
measurement process.
100
 Gage R&R Training

Measurement/Observational Error
Every time we repeat a measurement with a sensitive instrument, we
obtain slightly different results. The common statistical model we use
is that the error has two additive parts:
systematic error which always occurs (always the same value) when
we use the instrument in the same way, and
random error which may vary from observation to observation
100

Random errors - arise from random Systematic/bias errors are consistent

fluctuations in the measurements and repeatable (constant offset)
Quantified by Gage R&R Studies Controlled by Regular Calibration and
Can be reduced by repeating Confirmation / Resetting by use of
measurement many times to obtain a Masters
mean value.
Gage R&R Training

Sources of Measurement Error

1. Environment, temperature, lighting, humidity etc.
2. Setting Masters, Visual Aids etc.
3. Condition and suitability of actual measurement
equipment.
4. Fixtures, jigs, tables etc.
5. CMM software, excel sheets, calculators etc.
6. Actual person making the measurement.
7. Actual part being measured.
8. Definition of characteristic to be measured.
9. Measurement procedure detail, method, training.
10. Physical constraints, difficultly of access of
characteristic to be measured, destructive testing
etc.
 Gage R&R Training
Sources of Variation
Every observation contains both the actual
process variation and measurement variation
Observed Process Variation

Actual Process Variation Measurement Variation

Variation Within
Sample

Long Term Short Term Variation Variation

Process Process Due to Due to
Variation Variation Operators Gage

Linearity Stability Repeatability Calibration

Gage R&R Training

Gage Variability
1. Calibration – Is the gage accurate
2. Stability – does the gage change over time
3. Repeatability – variation of the gage when used
by one operator in a brief interval
4. Linearity – is the gage more accurate when used
at low values than at high values (How accurate is
it across its entire range)

Variation within a sample should be included in the

process variation – Yet it is also often mixed with
measurement variation
 Gage R&R Training

Repeatability & Reproducibility

1. Repeatability is the variation observed when an
operator measures the same sample with the
same gage several times.
2. Reproducibility is the additional variation
observed when different operators use the same
gage to measure the same sample.

+ =
Repeatability Reproducibility R&R
 Gage R&R Training

Preparing for a Gage R&R Study

1. Determine the number of parts, the number of appraisers to use and the number of trials.
There are several issues that must be considered when planning a gage R&R study. The first is the
number of appraisers and the number of parts to use. The number of parts (n) must be greater than
or equal to 5. The number of appraisers (k) must be greater than 2. The number of trials (r) must be
greater than or equal to two. This represents how often each appraiser will measure a part.
In addition, the n*k should be greater than 15. This gives more confidence in the results. If possible,
include all the appraisers who operate the gage in the study
2. Select the parts for the study
The next step is selecting the parts to include in the study. There are two ways to determine the %
gage R&R. One is to compare the gage variation to the variation of the parts used in the study. In
this case, the parts should be selected to reflect the range of variation in the process. In other
words, don't just take 10 parts off the line right in a row. You need to select the parts so they reflect
the variation seen in the manufacturing process. Use this method if the gage is used for process
control.
The other way to determine the % gage R&R is to compare the results to the specification range.
The parts should be selected to cover the entire specification range and if possible some parts
outside of the specification range should be used. Use this method if the gage is used for product
verification.
 Gage R&R Training

Preparing for a Gage R&R Study

3. Label the parts from 1 to n and designate the appraisers A, B, etc.
4. Conduct the Measurements
The parts must be run in random order. Start with appraiser A. Appraiser A measures the parts in
random order. The results are recorded. This process continues for each appraiser without the
appraisers being able to see the results from other appraisers. This cycle is continued until you
have completed all trials. Be sure that an appraiser cannot see his/her results from previous trials.
5. Use the actual gage that will be used in production.
6. The study must be conducted in the same area, environment, fixtures and conditions that will be
used in production.
7. Prepare a worksheet to record all measurements – See example on the next slide..
 Gage R&R Training

Worksheet Example

Random
Sequence
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

1. To demonstrate how to analyze the results, we will use the following example. Suppose you
want to determine if a certain gage is capable of measuring the length of a certain part. You
decide to do a basic gage R&R study (Average& Range). You select three appraisers (A, B, and
C). You select ten parts that represent typical variation in the length output. You have each
appraiser measure each part three times. The measurement results are given below. All
Measurements in mm.
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

1. First we calculate the averages and ranges for each part & for each appraiser/operator
a) Part Average = (Trial 1 + Trial 2 + Trial 3)/3
• Ave = (3.63957+3.58826+3.57734)/3 = 3.6017mm
b) Range = Max measurement of part #1 – Min Measurement from part #1
• Range = 3.63957 – 3.57734 = 0.0622mm
2. Repeat for all parts.
3. Calculate the Average of all parts which is identified as Xa (“X” for average and “a” for
appraiser A)
4. Calculate the Average Range of all Parts which is identified as Ra (“R” for range and “a” for
appraiser A)
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

5. Repeat calculations of Averages and Ranges for all appraisers/operators.
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

6. Calculate the part averages for all 10 parts
a) For part #1 = (3.0617+3.569+3.626)/3 = 3.608
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

7. Calculate the average of the part averages
a) Add all part averages / 10 = 3.924 which is identified as Xbar
8. Calculate the Range of the part averages.
a) Max part average – Min part average = 4.254 – 3.406 = 0.848mm which is identified as Rp
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

7. You then determine the average range (Rdbar) for the three appraisers.
Rdoublebar = (A Rge. + B Rge. + C Rge)/3 = (0.032+0.058+0.048)/3 = 0.0462
8. Then determine the difference between the maximum appraiser average and the minimum
appraiser average (Xdiff). A has the maximum average (3.927). C has the minimum average (3.922).
Xdiff = 3.927 - 2.922 = 0.0051mm
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

The various contributors to the measurement system variation can now be calculated. There are
eight that need to be calculated. There are 2 main methods to calculate Gage R&R are Average &
Range and the other is ANOVA. The difference is that ANOVA analyse any interactions between the
repeatability and reproducibility. I will describe the Average and Range method in this presentation
as the calculations are easier to follow.
Equipment variation (EV)
Appraiser variation (AV)
Repeatability and reproducibility (GRR)
Part variation (PV)
Total variation (TV)
Number of Distinct Categories (NDC)
Interclass Correlation (IC)
Probable Error (PE)
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

Repeatability: Equipment Variation (EV)
This is the "within appraiser" variation. It measures the variation one appraiser has when
measuring the same part (and the same characteristic) using the same gage more than one time.
The calculation is given below.
EV = Rdbar x K1
where K1 is a constant that depends on the number of trials. For 2 trials, K1 is 0.8862. For 3 trials,
K1 is 0.5908. For this example:
EV = Rdbar x K1 = 0.0.0462 x 0.5908 = 0.02731

Average of =
Ra,Rb,Rc R

K1 = Constant (explained later)

 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

Reproducibility: Appraiser Variation (AV)
This is the "between appraisers" variation. It is the variation in the average of the measurements
made by the different appraisers. The calculation is given below.
AV = SQ. ROOT ((X DIFF X K2)SQUARED - (EV SQUARED/NR))
where N = number of parts and R = number of trials
The bias correction factor for ranges used here is the bias correction factor for estimating
variances which is commonly known as K2

AV =Sqrt((0.0051 x 0.5231) ^2 – ((0.02731^2)/(10x3)))

AV= SQRT ABS(0.00000711721 – 0.000024861) = 0.005229445

X1 = SQ. ROOT ((X DIFF X K2)SQUARED = Variance of measurement system

X2 = (EV SQUARED/NR)) = Variance of gauge
So AV = X1 – X2 = Variation between the appraisers.
Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

Repeatability and Reproducibility (GRR)
The next calculation combines the two above to determine GRR, which is given by:
GRR = SQRT(EV^2 + AV^2)
For this example,
GRR = SQRT(0.02731^2 + 0.005229445 ^2) = 0.02781

For this example the Equipment has a greater

effect to variance than the operators

Repeatability
+ = R&R
Reproducibility
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

Part Variation (PV)
The part variation is determined by multiplying the range of the part averages (Rp) by a constant
K3. K3 depends on the number of parts. For 10 parts, K3 = 0.315. The part variation is then given
by:
PV = Rp x K3 = 0.848 x 0.315 = 0.267mm

Total Variation (TV)

This is the total variation from the study. It is determined by the following equation:
TV = SQRT(GRR^2 + PV^2)
TV =SQRT(0.02781^2 + 0.267^2) = 0.26844mm
 Gage R&R Training

Analyzing the Results

Number of Distinct Categories (NDC).
This is a measure of the number of distinct categories that can be distinguished by the
measurement system. It is similar to looking at how many possible values there are on a range
control chart. The calculation is:
NDC= 1.41(PV/GRR) = 1.41(0.267/ 0.02781) = 13.5

If the number of categories is less than two, the measurement system is of minimal value because
it is difficult to distinguish one entity from another.
If the number of categories is two, the measurement system can only divide the data into two
groups low and high. If the number of categories is three, the measurement system can divide the
data into three groups low, medium, and high.
A measurement system that is acceptable and useful for process improvement activities must have
five or more distinct categories; ten or more is ideal.
Gage R&R Training

The Results
This is the Typical Result of a Gage R&R Study

But What
Do The
Results
Mean
Gage R&R Training

The Results
The GR&R Result Does Not Indicate the % of the Variance or Tolerance Consumed by The
Measurement system

WHY THESE “PERCENTAGES”

DO NOT ADD UP
11.76% The %EV and %AV do not add
up to the %GRR because they
are not proportions.
Likewise, the %GRR and the
%PV do not add up to 100%
109.78% because they are not
proportions.
They are instead trigonometric
functions.
Gage R&R Training

The Results
The GR&R Result Does Not Indicate the % of the Variance or Tolerance Consumed by The
Measurement system

TV 0.2681

In this diagram we can begin to see why these quantities do not add up.
While they are dressed up to look like proportions, and while they were
interpreted as proportions, they are, and always have been, nothing more
than trigonometric functions.
And trigonometric functions do not satisfy the conditions needed for a set
of ratios to be interpreted as proportions.
 Gage R&R Training

The Results as True Ratios

So what is additive in a Gauge R&R Study? Look at the structure of the formula for TV. The Total
Variance is the sum of the Repeatability Variance, the Reproducibility Variance, and the Product
Variance.
TV = SQRT(GRR^2 + PV^2) = TV = SQRT(EV^2 + AV^2 + PV^2)
Therefore by ^2 both sides TV^2 = EV^2 + AV^2 + PV^2
So the proportion of the Total Variation is -
%EV = 100*(EV^2/TV^2) = 100*(0.0007457/0.0719304) = 1.0%
%AV = 100*(AV^2/TV^2) = 100*(0.00007068/0.0719304) = 0.1%
%R&R = 100*(R&R^2/TV^2) = 100*(0.0008164/0.0719304) = 1.1%
%PV = 100*(PV^2/TV^2) = 100*(0.07114/0.0719304) = 98.9%
% R&R + %PV = Total Variation. = 100%
Therefore the Measurement System Error = 1.1% of the Total Variance of the Study.
To Calculate the %Tol substitute (Tol/5.04)^2 for TV^2
%R&R =%R&R = 100*(R&R^2/ (Tol/5.04)^2 )= 100*(0.0008164/0.15747) = 0.52%
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding The Results

As you can see from the results below there is a vast difference in the % reported. The AIAG MSA
uses an assumption of additively which is a violation of the Pythagorean Theorem, and is what
makes it impossible to make sense of the ratios %EV, %AV, %R&R & %PV. It is why the
“percentages” do not add up, and this is why many engineers can not figure out exactly what the
final numbers in a Gauge R&R Study represent.
They are confusing because they are trigonometric functions being interpreted as proportions
when they are not proportions.
The Wheeler method reports the results as an actual proportion of the variance or tolerance. This
makes the results easier to interpret and gives a real meaning to the results.
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding The Graphs

Step 1 Measurement Stability A stable measurement system shows no out of control points or "non-
random" patterns or trends in the range chart
Step 2 Resolution / Discrimination Adequate resolution or discrimination means that the measurement
units (inches, tenths of inches, thousandths of inches,…) are sufficiently small enough to be able to "see"
variation. - Stratification on a range chart is a good indication that there is a problem with inadequate
resolution. - The number of stratified levels on the Range Chart is an indicator of the degree of the
problem. - Fewer "levels" means less adequate resolution: - A rule of thumb: There should be
approximately 5 levels of resolution between the control limits on the Range Chart and less than 25% of
the ranges equal to zero to be considered adequate.
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding The Graphs

Step 3 Bias Bias in a measurement study is a "shift" in the pattern on the X-bar chart between operators
(i.e., the same part pattern is evident, but one operator reads consistently higher or lower than the others).
Step 4 Measurement Capability Measurement capability is the comparison of Measurement Variation to
Product Variation to determine whether the current measurement process can see part to part differences.
More than 50% of the part measurements should be out-of-control to be considered marginally acceptable.
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding The Graphs

Step 5 Operator Bias Operator Bias is the comparison of Between-Operator variation to Within-Operator
variation. An out-of-control chart indicates that a Bias does exist between operators, while a chart
exhibiting control indicates that no Bias exists between operators.
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding The Graphs

Step 6 Operator Inconsistency Operator Inconsistency is the comparison of Within-Operator variation for
a specific operator to the overall Within-Operator variation. An out-of-control chart indicates that a
Inconsistency does exist between operators, while a chart exhibiting control indicates that no
Inconsistency exists between operators.
 Gage R&R Training

Understanding the Results

Step 7 Interclass Correlation & Discrimination Ratio The major axis reflects product variation, and the
minor axis reflects measurement error. The Discrimination Ratio is the ratio of the major axis to the minor
axis.
IC >0.9 = First Class Monitor DR > 4 Gage appears to have adequate discrimination
 Gage R&R Training

Futher Analysis
Interclass Correlation; Signal Attenuation & Discrimination Ratio
We use the Interclass Correlation to characterize the ability of a measurement system to capture
meaningful information about a production stream.
The proportion of the total variance that is consumed by the part variation is an estimate of the
Interclass Correlation Coefficient.
IC = PV^2/TV^2
IC = 0.267^2 / 0.26844^2 = 0.989
The Discrimination Ratio is the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis.
DR = See ANOVA worksheet for calculations.

The amount by which a signal coming from the production process is attenuated by the effects of
measurement error may be estimated by:
Production Process Signal Attenuation = 1 – sqrt IC = 1 – Sqrt 0.989 = 0.55%
Gage R&R Training

Futher Analysis
Probable Error PE (Average Error of a single Measurement)
Use the estimated Repeatability and Reproducibility Variance Component R&R
to find an estimate of the Probable Error
PE= 0.675 X R&R
PE = 0.675 X 0.02763 = 0.0187
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Measurement Increment (Gage Resolution)
The diagram below shows how the size of the measurement increment will affect the median error
of a measurement. Inspection of diagram shows that as long as the measurement increment is less
than one Probable Error, there is virtually no inflation in the error of a measurement. However, as
the measurement increment exceeds the Probable Error, the inflation begins to increase in a non-
linear manner. This non-linear relationship leads to a preference that the measurement increment
should be approximately the same size as the Probable Error. When the measurement increment is
greater than 2.0 PE you will be loosing information due to the round-off. When it is less than 0.2 PE
you will be writing down meaningless digits.
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Measurement Increment (Gage Resolution)
Thus, the Probable Error provides us with an objective way to determine how many digits to record
for any measurement. When the number of digits recorded is discretionary, we should seek to have
a measurement increment that satisfies the following:
0.2 Probable Error < measurement increment < 2 Probable Errors

Smallest Effective Measurement Increment = 0.2 X PE = 0.2 X 0.00187 = 0.00374

Largest Effective Measurement Increment = 2 X PE = 2 X 0.00184 = 0.0374
The measurement increment (gage resolution) should be between the smallest and largest effective
measurement increment.
So a gage resolution of
0.05 NG
0.01 is OK
0.001 NG
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Watershed Specifications
While the minimum acceptable value is considered to be in-spec, a value that is one measurement
increment below the minimum acceptable value will be out-of-spec. Thus the actual watershed
point between an acceptable value and an unacceptable value is halfway in between these two
values, and the Lower Watershed Specification Limit is:
LWSL = minimum acceptable value – one-half of a measurement increment
Specification = 0.7 to 1.2 mm Gage Resolution = 0.1
LWSL = 0.7 – 0.05 = 0.65 and therefore the UWSL = 1.2 + 0.05 = 1.25
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
The idea behind manufacturing specifications is to define those measurement values which
correspond to conforming items. That is, when the measurement falls within the manufacturing
specifications we want to be able to say that the product is within the customer specifications. In
the absence of measurement error we could achieve this objective by simply using the customer
specifications as the manufacturing specifications. But when we have to make allowance for
measurement error there will need to be some gap between the manufacturing specifications and
the customer specifications.
How to determine the size of the gap, D,
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
If we choose a large value for D we can be very confident that the product is conforming, but we
could end up with very tight manufacturing specifications. When this happens there will be an
increased risk of rejecting conforming product. By choosing a small value for D we will not have as
much confidence that the product is conforming, but we will have looser manufacturing
specifications with a correspondingly smaller risk of rejecting conforming product.
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
The minimum probability of a conforming item is shown as a function of the capability index. This
graph shows that, without adjustment, using the Watershed Specifications as the Manufacturing
Specifications will result in anywhere from a 64% chance of conforming product to an 83% chance
as the capability varies from 0.10 to 2.00.

The Minimum Probability of Conforming Product

When The Observed Measurement = Maximum / Minimum Acceptable Value
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
The probabilities in graph below range from 85% to 95% depending upon the capability. If you want
to have at least a 85 percent chance that the measured item is in spec when the measurement falls
within the Manufacturing Specifications, then you will need to tighten up the Watershed
Specification Limits by one Probable Error, or 0.675σe on each end, and use these tightened specs
as your 85% Manufacturing Specifications. For two-sided specifications this adjustment for
measurement error consumes 1.35σe of the Watershed Tolerance.
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
The graph below represent the cases where the watershed specifications have been tightened by 2,
3 & 4 Probable Errors. Thus, if you want at least a 99.9 percent chance that you are shipping good
stuff, your 99.9% Manufacturing Specifications will be the Watershed Specification Limits tightened
by four Probable Errors, or 2.70σe, on each end. For two-sided specifications this adjustment for
measurement error consumes 5.40σe of the Watershed Tolerance.

4PE

3PE
2PE
 Gage R&R Training

Making Use of the Results

Manufacturing Specifications
Example of analysis in Diagram Below. Based on the process capability and the use of the gage
you need to determine the manufacturing specifications for production control and inspection
specifications for product acceptance. i.e. Watershed Limits adjusted by 1,2,3,4,or more PE
 Gage R&R Training

Common Mistakes in a Gage R&R Study

1. Not following the instructions for conducting the study.
2. Failing to have standardized measuring method that everybody is trained on, & following.
3. Using only one part or a master. If you only use one part, THERE CAN'T BE ANY PART
VARIATION, so people and equipment are the ONLY source of variation.
4. Collecting parts that are too close together and do not represent the total variation. Process
Control
5. Collecting parts that are too close together and do not represent the total tolerance range.
Product Control.
6. Using a gage that measures in too much or too little resolution.
7. Not Randomizing all samples, test subjects, and trials so you don't have confounding of factors
in the data.
8. Using the result of 1 Gage R&R study on 1 characteristic to read across to other parts or
characteristics that use the same or same type of gage.
9. Conducting the study in Lab conditions and not at the station where the measurements are
actually taken in production.
10. Not understanding and doing nothing with the results.
11. Not repeating the Gage R&R study on a minimum 12 month basis.
 Gage R&R Training

How to Decrease Measurement Error

Source Check / Improve
1. Environment, temperature, lighting, 1. Ensure that the environment is correct for
humidity etc. the measurement, is the lighting adequate
to read the gage, do changes in
temperature or humidity effect the result.
2. Setting Masters, Visual Aids etc.
2. Are the masters correct, in specification,
easy to use, are the visual aids correct
and controlled and calibrated.
3. Is the measurement equipment in
3. Condition and suitability of actual
calibration, is the stability understood, is
measurement equipment.
it maintained, easy to use and read. Is it
controlled and stored correctly.
4. Fixtures, jigs, tables etc. 4. Are all fixtures, jigs tables etc in good
repair are they maintained, are the
inspection / measurement stations
ergonomic.
5. CMM software, excel sheets, calculators 5. Are you sure all of your calculation
etc. methods are correct, all equations have
been check, are there updated versions.
 Gage R&R Training

How to Decrease Measurement Error

Source Check / Improve
6. Actual person making the measurement. 6. Are they capable of making the
measurement, eye sight etc. Have they
been trained, continual improvement.
7. Actual part being measured.
7. Is the part easy to measure, handle, The
Within Part Variation is quantified and
measurement methods developed to take
this into account.
8. Definition of characteristic to be
8. Is the characteristic being measured well
measured.
defined and understood.
9. Measurement procedure detail, method,
9. Are the measurement procedures correct,
training.
have enough detail, is the training
material and methods adequate.
10. Physical constraints, difficultly of access 10. Is the characteristic difficult to access,
of characteristic to be measured, does the act of measurement change the
destructive testing etc. characteristic.
 Gage R&R Training

Summary
Understanding your measurement system and its impact on your manufacturing
process and your product quality is important. The goal is to constantly improve
process control, reducing the variability of the process and product. In order to
address the actual process variability the variability due to the measurement system
must be identified and separated from that process. Studies of measurement variation
are a waste of time unless you use that information to reduce process variation,
increase process control and assure product confirmation.
Fortunately there is no need to go through the laborious task of the calculations
shown in the presentation as the 2 files attached below do this automatically for you.
So Please use Gage R&R correctly – Understand what the results are telling you and
take actions based on the results.
Gage R&R is not just an annoying PPAP requirement it is a tool for improvement.

Average ANOVA
& Range