WORKING TITLE

RESEARCH
PREMISE
EVALUATING PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM PROPERTIES OF LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE
RELATED
LITERATURE
HOLLOW BLOCKS USING
WASTE COCKLE SHELL POWDER AS A
RELATED STUDIES
PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK ENGR. JEMAR C. DALUSONG
Master of Science in Civil Engineering,
METHODOLOGY Major in Structural Engineering
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RESEARCH PREMISE - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH
PREMISE
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM R.A. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
RELATED
LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES
Utilize environmentally-sound methods that
maximize the utilization of valuable resources and
THEORETICAL encourage resource conservation and recovery
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

METHODOLOGY

SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RESEARCH PREMISE - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH
PREMISE
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
RELATED
LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

METHODOLOGY

SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS [Link]
WORKING TITLE
STATEMENT OF THE - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
PROBLEM Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 44
PREMISE The main objective of this research study is to determine the physical and mechanical
STATEMENT OF THE properties of load-bearing concrete hollow blocks using waste cockle shell powder as a partial
PROBLEM cement replacement.
RELATED specifically, the study will address the following:
LITERATURE
1. Develop a concrete mix ratio using a trial sample of 3, 5, 7 percentage of waste cockle
RELATED STUDIES shell powder by volume that will maximize the compressive strength of the concrete
hollow blocks.
THEORETICAL 2. Investigate the behavior of compressive strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing.
FRAMEWORK
3. Measure the amount of water absorbed by CHB containing waste cockle shell using
CONCEPTUAL water absorption test.
FRAMEWORK
4. Evaluate the performance of waste cockle shell powder in load-bearing concrete hollow
METHODOLOGY blocks based on the structural requirement of masonry units ASTM C-90.
5. Choose the optimum percentage waste cockle shell powder as cement replacement
SIGNIFICANCE OF that will provide the greatest result which meet the ASTM requirement.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND Key words: cockle shell, cement replacement, concrete, hollow blocks, mechanical properties.
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED LITERATURE- Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 13-14
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE The Blain fineness of the Increasing the percentage Replacement with ground the mortars containing
Lertwattanaruk et al.
PROBLEM 2012 ground oyster shell was replacement of ground green mussel and ground high volume of ground
finer than those of other seashells in Portland cockle led to increased short-necked clam yield
seashells, implying better cement improved the drying shrinkages of the the optimum properties
RELATED strength development. water requirement and the mortars compared with the compared to the other
LITERATURE setting times of the control mortar. ground seashells such as
mortars. a relatively low mixing
water requirement,
RELATED STUDIES increased setting time,
good compressive
strength, lower drying
shrinkage, and decrease
THEORETICAL in thermal conductivity
FRAMEWORK
Zawawi et al. 2016 It was observed, beyond Comparing the
CONCEPTUAL 20% replacement of compressive strength
crushed cockle shell the result between these two
FRAMEWORK strength of mortar mixes, brick containing
continue to decrease as 20% cockle shell performs
the amount of cockle shell better in all curing age.
METHODOLOGY integrated become larger. This finding encourage the
use of cockle shell as
partial sand replacement
SIGNIFICANCE OF in cement sand brick
production which consume
THE STUDY lower quantity of river
sand.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED LITERATURE- Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 14
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE The inclusion of the cockle It can be conclude that
Hazurina et al. 2012
PROBLEM shell ash tends to reduce replacement of 5% to 10%
the water demand of cement replacement of
concrete which leads to cockle shell which is off
RELATED higher workability of high amorphous content
LITERATURE constant water/binder and low LOI values as well
ratio. The higher content as high CaCO3 proved to
of cockle shell ash, the be an efficient new
RELATED STUDIES more water is required. concrete material.

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Wang et al. 2012 The sulfate attack The chloride ion content
resistance test shows that increases with the
CONCEPTUAL the pozzolanic reaction replacement of the oyster
induced by the fly ash shell sand. When the
FRAMEWORK consumes CH, and the replacement is 30%, the
reaction product is a C–S– measured chloride ion
H gel with a sponge-like content is 0.146 kg/m3,
METHODOLOGY behavior that reduces the which is less than the
possibility of sulfate permissible value of 0.3
attack. Thus, the sulfate kg/m3. To avoid
SIGNIFICANCE OF attack resistance of the
replaced cement mortar is
reinforcement corrosion in
engineering, the chloride
THE STUDY improved. ion content in the oyster
shell sand should first be
reduced.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED LITERATURE- Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 15
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE The compressive The impervious RHA-
Fapohunda et al. 2017
PROBLEM strength of concrete concrete microstructure
containing RHA depend to agent of degradation
RELATED on the water-cement like, sulphate attacks,
ratio, but at least up to chloride ingress, etc., as
LITERATURE 10% cement well as good shrinkage
replacement with RHA properties, makes it to
will result in strength produce durable
RELATED STUDIES development concrete when used.
comparable to the
control specimens.
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Ganiron et al. 2017 The thermal Hybrid fiber consistently
(Local) conductivity of CHB with enhances the load
CONCEPTUAL coconut shell and fiber carrying capacity and
for cold and warm the ductility of the
FRAMEWORK temperature resist beam.
freezing and heating
gained a large value of sufficient amount of
METHODOLOGY the load. superplasticizer is
needed in order to
improve the workability
SIGNIFICANCE OF of the mixture while
THE STUDY maintaining the water
cement ratio.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED LITERATURE- Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 16
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE The density of There is an effect of the
Duna et al. 2017
PROBLEM sandcrete blocks was acid on the immersed
not affected by the sandcrete blocks; it was
RELATED concentration of acid observed that there was
contained in the a decline in
LITERATURE immersion solution. compressive strength of
There was also a sandcrete blocks
reduction in water immersed in acid
RELATED STUDIES absorption of the though the compressive
sandcrete blocks in strengths of all samples
cases of high acidity exceeded the minimum
THEORETICAL than that of the control allowable
FRAMEWORK sample which was
neutral.
CONCEPTUAL Ramakrishna et al. 2016 The replacement from
FRAMEWORK 5% and 10% manage to
aid towards
achievement of higher
METHODOLOGY concrete strength than
plain concrete.
Probably, the strength
SIGNIFICANCE OF increment is due to the
effective function of
THE STUDY crushed cockle shell as
space filler.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED LITERATURE- Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 15-16
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Umoh et al. 2015 The compressive The density was
PROBLEM strength increases with observed to decrease
curing age and fiber with increasing fiber
RELATED content up to 2%, and addition, while water
thereafter decreases absorption and moisture
LITERATURE with further increase in content increased with
fiber content; the increase in fiber
subsequently the peak content.
RELATED STUDIES compressive strength is
attained with 2% fiber
composite which is
THEORETICAL therefore considered as
FRAMEWORK the optimum.
Adewuyi et al. 2015 • The concrete having • Periwinkle shells
CONCEPTUAL up to 40% periwinkle concrete is
FRAMEWORK shells and the one recommended for
with 10% cockle use where moderate
shells inclusion can temperatures of less
METHODOLOGY be regarded as than 300 oC and
normal weight ash-blended cement
concrete, while concretes have
SIGNIFICANCE OF higher contents imply higher resistance to
lightweight concrete. sulphate attack.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED STUDIES - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 17-18
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Olivia et al, 2015 Replacement of the Replacement of concrete containing Based on the trial mixes
PROBLEM cement with the ground cement with 4% ground ground seashell yielded using the ground
seashell led to a seashell will produced relatively better tension seashell with proportion
RELATED decrease of high initial setting, high properties and of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by
compressive strength of density. recommended for weight of cement, the
LITERATURE seashell concrete pavement use. optimum compressive
compared with the strength was achieved
control OPC concrete for the mix that replaced
RELATED STUDIES cement by 4%

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Jonaitis et al, 2013 Masonry deformations Deformations of highly when the compressive
of the blocks proves hollow concrete block strength of infill
CONCEPTUAL fairly good mutual block masonry are concrete is greater than
and infill concrete determined by that of the blocks
FRAMEWORK performance. the deformations of bed (residual mould), typical
longitudinal shells are joints. compressive strength of
detached from the web masonry is to be
METHODOLOGY which results in chosen in accordance
crumbling with the strength of infill
concrete, and
SIGNIFICANCE OF compressed area is to
THE STUDY be estimated without
considering area of the
SCOPE AND residual mould shell.

LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED STUDIES - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 20
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Sarath el al, 2015 • The load carrying • On addition of steel
PROBLEM capacity of masonry fibres, compressive
wall with steel fiber strength is increase
RELATED reinforced hollow by 21% and tensile
block was greater strength increased
LITERATURE than that with locally by 8% when
available solid and compared to
hollow block by 12% ordinary hollow
RELATED STUDIES and 22% blocks
respectively
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Safinia et al, 2016 • Using plastic bottles as • study shows 57%
a hollow form to blocks improvement of
CONCEPTUAL is increase strength by using
plastic bottles
FRAMEWORK compared to local
concrete blocks.
METHODOLOGY

SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED STUDIES - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 19
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Venugopal et al, 2016 geopolymer which is The percentage of The compressive
PROBLEM one of the new reduction in strength of strength of geopolymer
alternative materials geopolymer solid block hollow blocks at the age
RELATED among many and hollow blocks were of 3 day was more than
alternatives, in which it 26% and 28 5MPa and it attains
LITERATURE complete elimination of respectively. 17.5MPa at the age of
cement, is achieved 28days which makes
without compromising the user to handle
RELATED STUDIES the strength and other without any issues
parameters
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Samidurai et al, 2017 Only 10% GSA Concrete becomes less But when sea shell
substitution is adequate workable as the powder is added to the
CONCEPTUAL to enjoy maximum Groundnut shell Groundnut shell and
benefit of strength gain. percentage increases partially replacing
FRAMEWORK meaning that more cement increases the
water is required to compressive strength. It
make the mixes more is due to the sea shell
METHODOLOGY workable. This means contains more amount
that Groundnut Shell of calcium content.
Ash concrete has higher
SIGNIFICANCE OF water demand.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED STUDIES - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 20
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Othman et al, 2013 The high content of The permeability and The permeability and The strength of
PROBLEM CaO in the cockle shell porosity of the concrete porosity of the concrete concrete with cockle
ash will cause the slow decreases when the decreases when the shell ash mixture is
RELATED hydration process that increment amount of increment amount of lower than normal
will reduce the strength cockle shell ash cockle shell ash concrete. Nonetheless,
LITERATURE of concrete in the early for a long time curing
age of curing. period (up to 90 days),
the percentage of
RELATED STUDIES strength increased
compared to normal
concrete
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK Olivia et al, 2015 The influence of the increase in tension concrete containing
ground seashell on the properties is beneficial ground seashell yielded
CONCEPTUAL compressive strength to enhance composite relatively better tension
could reduce the early action between steel properties, but lower
FRAMEWORK strength of concrete. reinforcement bars and compressive strength
This was likely due to a concrete. and modulus of
decrease of the cement elasticity than the
METHODOLOGY content that could control concrete
reduce the rate of
hydration in concrete at
SIGNIFICANCE OF early ages.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
RELATED STUDIES - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
MATRIX Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 41
PREMISE CEMENT MECHANICAL
AUTHORS COCKLE SHELL HOLLOW BLOCKS CONCRETE
REPLACEMENT PROPERTIES
STATEMENT OF THE Dalusong, 2017 • Increase in • Increase in • Hollow Blocks • Concrete • The acidity of the
PROBLEM fineness of the replacement of containing sea containing RHA material can be
cockle shells will cement by 20% shell will amplify will provide consider for the
RELATED increase in the will decrease in the thermal Sulfate-resisting reason that it will
development of compressive conductivity of the Agent to concrete have a great
LITERATURE strength. strength but it walls. • The use of lower impact on the
• The amount increase the • Decrease in water percentage fiber decline in
increase with the ductility. absorption to composite will compressive
RELATED STUDIES cockle shell • Replacing small hollow blocks will increase the strength.
powder will portion of cement provide water compressive • The compressive
require less by other calcium proof walls strength of strength of using
THEORETICAL amount of water dioxide contained • Increase in steel concrete which cockle shell is
FRAMEWORK which can be material would fiber in the hollow can be considered potentially
water reducing increase the bond block which in the study decrease the
• Water
CONCEPTUAL agent.
• High content of
of the fine and
coarse aggregates
contribute as the
solid fine permeability of
compressive but
increase its tensile
FRAMEWORK cockle shell that will lead to aggregates that concrete is strength.
powder on increase on tensile increases the decreases so that
concrete would strength compressive the concrete can
METHODOLOGY potentially strength on the be water proof.
decrease the hollow blocks
compressive
SIGNIFICANCE OF strength on early
THE STUDY period of curing.

SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
CONCEPTUAL - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
FRAMEWORK Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 42-44
Phase 1 – Review of Concept Phase 2 - Sampling Methods
PREMISE 5. Collecting of cockle shell and purchasing The main objective of this research study is
1. Estimating the amount of cockle shell
based of previous related studies. materials to determine the physical and mechanical
STATEMENT OF THE • Percentage
properties of load-bearing concrete hollow
of Cockle
PROBLEM Shell
blocks using waste cockle shell powder as
2. Estimating Concrete Mix based of 6. Preparation of cockle shell powder. a partial cement replacement.
• Concrete
previous related studies.
RELATED Mix Ratio
Develop a concrete mix ratio using a trial
LITERATURE 7. Gradation of fine aggregates sample of 5, 10, 15 percentage of cockle
3. Determining methodology based of
shell powder by weight that will maximize
previous related studies
the compressive of the concrete hollow
RELATED STUDIES 8. Mortar Mixing. blocks.
4. Evaluation of conclusion of result
THEORETICAL based of previous related studies 9. Sampling of concrete hollow blocks Investigate the behaviour of compressive
FRAMEWORK strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing.
17. Write a conclusion and
recommendations Test Result
CONCEPTUAL 10. Curing of Sample in 7, 14 and 28 days Measure the amount of water absorbed of
FRAMEWORK Phase 4 – Result Statistical CHB containing waste cockle shell using
Analysis and Evaluation water absorption test.

METHODOLOGY 13. Comparison of result to the National CHB CHB Evaluate the performance of waste cockle
Standards (Cement) (Cockle Shell + Cement) shell powder in load-bearing concrete
Phase 3 – Testing hollow blocks based on the structural
SIGNIFICANCE OF 14. Evaluation of physical and requirement of masonry units ASTM C-90.
of Samples
THE STUDY mechanical properties
Choose the optimum percentage waste
cockle shell powder as cement
SCOPE AND 15. Selection of optimum sample that 11. Compression Test 12. Water Absorption Test
replacement that will provide the greatest
LIMITATIONS meet the requirement of ASTM
result which meet the ASTM requirement..
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 29-30
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING MATERIAL PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 1
Review of Concept
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 1 • Library • Authors of • Internet • Reading
Estimating the • Internet journals, Research Documents
amount of cockle article, and • Content • Computer
RELATED STUDIES shell based of studies books Analysis
previous related
THEORETICAL studies.
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Library Authors of Internet Reading
Step 2 • • • •
Estimating • Internet journals, Research Documents
METHODOLOGY Concrete Mix article, and • Content • Computer
based of previous studies books Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE OF related studies.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 29-30
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 1
Review of Concept
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 3 • Library • Authors of • Internet • Reading
Determining • Internet journals, Research Documents
methodology article, and • Content
RELATED STUDIES based of previous studies books Analysis
related studies
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Step 4 • Library • Authors of • Internet • Reading
Evaluation of • Internet journals, Research Documents
METHODOLOGY conclusion of article, and • Content
result based of studies books Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE OF previous related
THE STUDY studies

SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 30-35
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 2
Sampling Methods and Curing
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 5 • Sea and • Observations
Collecting of Estuaries of • Cockle shells
cockle shell and San Agustin,
RELATED STUDIES purchasing Iba and
materials Baloganon,
THEORETICAL Masinloc,
FRAMEWORK Zambales
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Step 6 • Ramon • Observations • Data Matrix
Preparation of Magsaysay • Experiments • Electric
METHODOLOGY cockle shell Technological Pulveriser
powder. University
SIGNIFICANCE OF Civil
THE STUDY Engineering
Laboratory
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 30-35
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 2
Sampling Methods and Curing
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 7 • Ramon • Sand • Experiments • Tabulated
Gradation of fine Magsaysay • Observations Data
aggregates Technological • Sieve
RELATED STUDIES University Machine
Civil
THEORETICAL Engineering
FRAMEWORK Laboratory
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Step 8 • Ramon • Cement • Observation • Reading
Mortar Mixing Magsaysay • Sand • Documentary Materials
METHODOLOGY Technological • Cockle Shell Evidence
University • Water
SIGNIFICANCE OF Civil
THE STUDY Engineering
Laboratory
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 30-35
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 2
Sampling Methods and Curing
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 9 • Ramon • Observation • Tabulated
Sampling of Magsaysay • Documentary Data
concrete hollow Technological Evidence • Reading
RELATED STUDIES blocks University Materials
Civil
THEORETICAL Engineering
FRAMEWORK Laboratory
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Step 10 • Zambales, • Conventional • Observation • Checklist
Curing of Sample Curing Site CHB
METHODOLOGY in 7, 14 and 28 • Cockle shell
days contained
SIGNIFICANCE OF CHB
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 36-39
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 3
Testing of Samples
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 11 • Zambales • Conventional • Observation • Data Matrix • Descriptive
Compression Test Provincial CHB • Experiments • Compression Statistics
Engineering • Cockle shell Machine • The mean
RELATED STUDIES Office contained
• Laboratory CHB
THEORETICAL Room
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Step 12 • Zambales • Conventional • Observation • Data Matrix • Descriptive
Water Absorption Provincial CHB • Experiments • Oven Statistics
METHODOLOGY Test Engineering • Cockle shell • Triple Beam • The mean
Office contained Balance
SIGNIFICANCE OF • Laboratory CHB
THE STUDY Room

SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
METHODOLOGY - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 39-41
PREMISE
PHASES AND RESEARCH RESPONDENTS/ DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING STATISTICAL
STATEMENT OF THE STAGES SETTING DATA SOURCES PROCEDURE INSTRUMENTS TREATMENT
PROBLEM Phase 3
Testing of Samples
RELATED
LITERATURE Step 13 • Authors • Documentary • Descriptive
Comparison of ASTM Evidence Statistics
result to the Standards • Content
RELATED STUDIES National • Test Result Analysis
Standards
THEORETICAL
Phase 14 • Conventional • Documentary • Checklist • Inferential
FRAMEWORK Evaluation of CHB Evidence Statistics
CONCEPTUAL physical and • Cockle shell • Content
FRAMEWORK mechanical contained Analysis
properties CHB
METHODOLOGY Step 15 • Test Result • Content • Descriptive
Selection of Analysis Statistics
SIGNIFICANCE OF optimum sample
THE STUDY that meet the
requirement of
SCOPE AND ASTM
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
SIGNIFICANCE - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
OF THE STUDY Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 46-47
PREMISE
STATEMENT OF THE  This will help the people of the Philippines especially in Zambales area on choosing
PROBLEM alternative construction material especially in wall system that will provide greater
RELATED compressive strength.
LITERATURE
 This will utilize environmentally-sound methods that
RELATED STUDIES make the most of the utilization of valuable resources
especially the waste material like cockle shell and
THEORETICAL
encourage resource conservation and recovery.
FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
 The findings of this study will contribute greatly to the
FRAMEWORK
benefit of the society since the circumstance that a lot
of people want to build structures since it may decrease
METHODOLOGY
the cost of the concrete hollow blocks which are kind of
expensive these days but still guarantee the quality
SIGNIFICANCE OF
of the concrete hollow blocks.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
WORKING TITLE
SCOPE AND - Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of Load-bearing Concrete
LIMITATION Hollow Blocks using Waste Cockle Shell Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement
RESEARCH Page 47
PREMISE
 This study is limited to one species of molluscs which is anadara granosa and gathered
STATEMENT OF THE within the area of San Agustin, Iba and Masinloc, Zambales only.
PROBLEM
 The sample will be cured within the span of 7, 14 and 28 days only.
RELATED
LITERATURE  The sample will be test in compression test and water absorptivity test with a size of 150 mm
x 200 mm x 400 mm as specified by ASTM.
RELATED STUDIES

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
 The sample will be test in compression test and water
CONCEPTUAL absorptivity test with a size of 150 mm x 200 mm x 400
FRAMEWORK mm as specified by ASTM C 140-05a.

METHODOLOGY
 The sample are prepared based on trial mixes of 3, 5
SIGNIFICANCE OF and 7% cement replacement.
THE STUDY
SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
TURNITIN RESULT