POWER ELECTRONICS
DC-DC CONVERTERS
(CHOPPERS)
PART 2
ILI SALWANI MOHAMAD
EMT 369
Content
Content
Switch-mode Power Supply
(SMPS)
Transformer Models
Types of SMPS:
Flyback Converter
Full-bridge Converter
Half-bridge Converter
Questions/Discussions
(provided in separate sheet)
SOURCES: “Power Electronics”, Daniel W. Hart, Mc-Graw Hill,
“Power Electronics & Drives”, Lecture Notes, Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM
Switch-mode Power Supply
Advantages over linear power
Efficient
(70-95%)
Weight and size reduction
Disadvantages
Complex design
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
problems
However above certain ratings, SMPS
is the only feasible choice
Types of SMPS
Flyback
Forward
Push-pull
Bridge (half and full)
Switch-mode Power Supply
Block diagrams
Basic Block diagram of linear power supply
Basic Block diagram of SMPS
Switch-mode Power Supply
Isolated topologies
All isolated topologies include a
transformer, and thus can produce an
output of higher or lower voltage than
the input by adjusting the turns ratio.
For some topologies, multiple
windings can be placed on the
transformer to produce multiple
output voltages.
Some converters use the transformer
for energy storage, while others use a
separate inductor.
Switch-mode Power Supply
Isolated types
Input
Power Typical Relative
Type range Energy storage Features
[W] efficiency cost
[V]
Isolated form of the
Flyback 0–250 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer buck-boost
converter.1
Ringing
Low-cost self-
choke
0–150 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer oscillating flyback
converter
variant.[10]
(RCC)
Half-forward 0–250 75% 1.2 5–500 Inductor
100- 60– Isolated form of
Forward2 78% Inductor
200 200 buck converter
Single rail input,
Resonant 60– Inductor and unregulated output,
0–60 87% 1.0
forward 400 capacitor high efficiency, low
EMI.[11]
100– 50–
Push-pull 72% 1.75 Inductor
1,000 1,000
0– 50–
Half-bridge 72% 1.9 Inductor
2,000 1,000
Very efficient use of
400– 50–
Full-bridge 69% >2.0 Inductor transformer, used for
5,000 1,000
highest powers.
Resonant,
zero voltage >1,000 >2.0
switched
Two capacitors
Isolated Ćuk and two
inductors
Source: Wikipedia
Once again…
Transformer Models
2 basic functions:
I/O electrical isolation
Step-up/step-down time varying voltages &
currents
I/O relationship of idealized model:
Models:
Ideal model
Model used in most
PE circuits
Transformer Models
(a) Transformer (b) Ideal Model
(c) Complete model (d) Most used for power electronics circuits
Flyback Converter
Flyback converter is a buck-boost
converter with the inductor split to form a
transformer voltage ratio are multiplied
with additional advantage of isolation
Circuit
Equivalent circuit includes magnetizing inductance
Flyback Converter
Switch closed
Switch open
Assumption for the analysis
The output capacitor is very large->?
The switch and diode are ideal
The circuit is operating in the steady state
Duty ratio is D, being closed for time DT,
And open for (1-D)T
Flyback Converter
Magnetizing
inductance
current
Source current
Diode current
Capacitor
current
Transformer
primary
voltage
Flyback Converter
Switch closed
di Lm
v1 Vs L m
dt
di Lm i Lm i Lm Vs
dt t DT L m
Vs DT
i Lm closed
Lm
Flyback Converter
Switch open
v 2 Vo
N N1
v1 v 2 1 Vo
N2
2
N
di Lm N1
Lm v1 Vo
dt 2
N
di Lm i Lm i Lm Vo N1
dt t 1 D T L m 2
N
Vo 1 D T N1
i Lm open
Lm 2
N
Flyback Converter
Steady-state Operation
i Lm closed i Lm open 0
Vs DT Vo 1 D T N1
0
Lm Lm N2
D N2
Vo Vs
1 D N1
Note:
I/O relationship is similar to buck-boost
converter, with the present of
transformer ratio
Output depends to value of D (greater
or less than input)
Flyback Converter
Average Inductor Current
Flyback Converter
Min & Max Inductor Current
For continuous operation, ILm, min = 0
Flyback Converter
Output Voltage Ripple
Same as buck-boost converter
Vo D
Vo RCf
Equivalent series resistance
N1
Vo ,ESR = iC rC = I Lm ,max rC
N2
Example
Solution
Full-bridge Converter
Circuit
D – duty ratio of each switch pair
Full-bridge Converter
Operation
Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2]; [S3 & S4]
Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown.
The other pair is off.
When [S1 & S2] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is Vs
When [S3 & S4] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is -Vs
“AC voltage” is developed across the
primary. Then transferred to secondary via
high frequency transformers.
On secondary side, diode pair is “high
frequency full wave rectification”.
The choke (L) and (C) acts like the “buck
converter” circuit.
Full-bridge Converter
Waveforms
Switching
sequence
Voltage on
transformer
primary
Voltage vx
Half-bridge Converter
Ns
Vo Vs D
Np
Half-bridge Converter
Waveforms
Switching
sequence
Voltage on
transformer
primary
Voltage vx
Questions/Discussions
Flyback Converter
The flyback converter has the following
parameters: Vs = 36 V, D = 0.4, N1/N2 = 2,
R = 20 Ω, Lm = 100 μH, C = 50 μF, and the
switching frequency is 100 kHz. Determine:
the output voltage
the maximum and minimum inductor current
the output voltage ripple
A flyback converter has an input of 44 V, an
output of 3 V, a duty ratio of 0.32, and a
switching frequency of 300 kHz. The load
resistor is 1 Ω. Determine:
the transformer turns ratio
the transformer magnetizing inductance Lm
such the minimum inductor current is 40% of
the average.
Buck example 1
A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source.
Given L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and
D=0.4. Calculate: (a) output voltage (b) output voltage ripple.
Buck Example 2
Boost Example 1
The boost converter of Fig. 6-8 has
parameter Vs=20 V, D = 0.6, R =12.5Ω
L = 10 μH, C = 40 μF, and the switching frequency is 200 k
(a) Determinethe output voltage.
(b) Determine the average, maximum, and minimum inductor cu
(c) Determine the output voltage ripple.
(d) Determine the average
current in the diode.
Assume ideal components.
Boost Example 2
A boost converter has an input of 5V and an output of
25W at 15V. The minimum inductor current must be not
less than 50% of the average. The output voltage
Ripple must be less than 1%. The switching frequency is
300 kHz. Determine the duty cycle ratio, min inductor value,
And minimum capacitor value.
Example Buck-Boost 1
Buck-boost has these parameters:
Determine :
i. Output Voltage = -16V
ii. Inductor current average = 5.33A, 4.8A
iii. Inductor current = 7.33A, 2.93A
maximum and minimum values
iv. Output voltage ripple = 1%