IT Functionality

 Responsibility

 Communication

 Improvement

 Infrastructure

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 SAP Tutorial

SAP is a market leader in providing ERP (Enterprise

Resource and Planning) solutions and services. In this
chapter, we will try to understand more on ERP and where it
should be used. In addition, we will learn the implementation
techniques of ERP along with the ERP packages available in
the market.

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 What is ERP?

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a software that is built

to organizations belonging to different industrial sectors,
regardless of their size and strength.

The ERP package is designed to support and integrate

almost every functional area of a business process such as
procurement of goods and services, sale and distribution,
finance, accountings, human resource, manufacturing,
production planning, logistics & warehouse management.

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 ERP

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 BPI
Business Process Integration

Every business, regardless of the industry they belong to,

require connected systems with efficient information flow from
one business process to another. Business Process
Integration (BPI) plays an important role in overcoming
integrating challenges that allows organizations to connect
systems internally and externally.

Business Process Integration (BPI) allows −

 Automation of business processes,

 Integration of systems and services,

 Secure sharing of data across numerous applications, and

 Automation of management, operational, and supporting

process.

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 Functions of ERP
An ERP system typically performs the following functions −

 Supports the integrated business process inside the

organization.

 Improves capital planning and helps in executing

organizational plans and strategies.

 Helps speed up the decision-making process over the

analysis of accurate data.

 Helps extend the business network to wider domains,

expanding the products and services to reach more
customers, suppliers, and partners.

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 Functions of ERP

 Identifies operational risks to improve governance.

 Provides protection against organizational data breaches

and security threats to leakage of information.

 Makes the organization adaptable to the rapid changes in

the business process according to the needs.

 Gives long-term profit by providing means to increase the

customer base.

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 ERP Functional Areas

ERP is a business management software is usually a suite of

integrated applications that a company can use to collect,
store, manage, and interpret data from many functional areas
including −

Financial Accounting − Deals with financial transactions and

data.

Human Resource − Deals with information related to

employee of an organization.

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 ERP Functional Areas

Customer Relationship Management − Deals with

capturing and managing customer’s relationship, facilitating
the use of customer experience to evaluate the knowledge
database.

Sales and Distribution − Deals with order placement,

delivery, shipment and invoicing.

Logistics and Warehouse Management − Deals with

storage of products and shipment.

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 ERP Functional Areas

Manufacturing − Deals with the production and production

planning activities.

Supply Change Management − Deals with the movement of

products, storing, managing, and controlling supplies.

Business Intelligence − Analyzes data and converts the

same to information.

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 Advantages of ERP
By integrating the business processes, the ERP offers the following
advantages −

 Saves time and expenses.

 Allows faster decision-making by the management, utilizing the

data and reporting tools designed in the systems.

 Single data source and sharing of data among all the units of an

organization.
 Helps in tracking every transaction that takes place in an
organization, from starting till end.
 Supplies real-time information whenever required.

 Provides synchronized information transfer in between different

functional areas such as sales, marketing, finance,

manufacturing, human resource, logistics, etc.

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 Disadvantages of ERP
It is not always easy to incorporate ERP in an organization. ERP
suffers from the following drawbacks −

 Sometimes business processes critical to an organization are to

be re-engineered to align them with an ERP solution.

 Cost of complex integration can be very high.

 Switching from one ERP solution to another increases the

implementation cost even further.

 End-users are to be trained for their daily operations.

 Customization is not preferred.

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 About SAP

Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing (SAP)

was founded in 1972 in Walldorf, Germany. It stands for
Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. Over
the years, it has grown and evolved to become the world
premier provider of client/server business solutions for which
it is so well known today. The SAP R/3 enterprise application
suite for open client/server systems has established a new
standards for providing business information management
solutions.

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 SAP ERP

SAP product are consider excellent but not perfect. The main
problems with software product is that it can never be perfect.

The main advantage of using SAP as your company ERP

system is that SAP have a very high level of integration
among its individual applications which guarantee
consistency of data throughout the system and the company
itself.

In a standard SAP project system, it is divided into three

environments, Development, Quality Assurance and
Production.

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 SAP ERP

The development system is where most of the

implementation work takes place. The quality assurance
system is where all the final testing is conducted before
moving the transports to the production environment. The
production system is where all the daily business activities
occur. It is also the client that all the end users use to
perform their daily job functions.

To all company, the production system should only contains

transport that have passed all the tests.

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 SAP ERP
SAP is a table drive customization software. It allows
businesses to make rapid changes in their business
requirements with a common set of programs. User-exits are
provided for business to add in additional source code. Tools
such as screen variants are provided to let you set fields
attributes whether to hide, display and make them mandatory
fields.

This is what makes ERP system and SAP in particular so

flexible. The table driven customization are driving the
program functionality instead of those old fashioned hard-
coded programs. Therefore, new and changed business
requirements can be quickly implemented and tested in the
system.

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 SAP Configuration Vs Customization

When considering enterprise software of any type, it is

important to understand the difference between configuration
and customization. Configuration uses the inherent flexibility
of the enterprise software to add fields, change field names,
modify drop-down lists, or add buttons. Customization
involves code changes to create functionality that is not
available through configuration. Customization can be costly
and can complicate future upgrades to the software because
the code changes may not easily migrate to the new version.

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 SAP Basis

"Business Application Software Integrated solution".

Basis is a set of programs and tools that act as an interface
with Database, Operating system, Communication
protocols and business applications (such as FI, CO, MM,
etc).

SAP applications such as FI, CO, PP etc. can run and

communicate with each other across different Operating
systems and Databases with the help of BASIS. Nowadays
Basis is known as Netweaver. Alias of BASIS is SAP
Application Server Technology and alias of Netweaver is
SAP Web Application Server.

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 SAP Basis
After adding java stack (the applications which are developed
in J2EE, BSP, JSP, etc..), enhanced security standard for
business process. Both ABAP and Java stack can be
monitored from one platform. Netweaver supports standard
protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, XML, SOAP, SSO, WEBDAV,
WSDL, WMLSSO, SSL, X.509 and Unicode format
(representation of handling text).

We can say Basis is the operating system for SAP

applications and ABAP. Basis provides services like
communication with the operating system, database
communication, memory management, run time collection of
application data, web requests, exchanging business data
etc…
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SAP Basis

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 SAP Basis

Basis supports a number of known operating systems (Unix

flavors, Microsoft windows server edition, AS400, z/OS, etc)
and databases (Oracle, DB2, Informix, Maxdb, Microsoft SQL
Server, etc)..

SAP is a huge ERP software and in order to implement SAP

ERP for an Organization, it needs a lot of manpower, the SAP
implementation is done by different type of consultants.

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 SAP Consultants

Functional Consultants Technical Consultants Network Administrators

Functional
are consultants
responsible for Technical consultants
responsible for are
customizing Network
Basis Administrators
Consultants, they are
are
configuring
world the
business real SAP ABAPspecifications
customer software as per
ie responsible
management for Network
and Network
scenarios
software. into SAP Developing
Business New SAP
Applications, related
like SAP configurations
server network
maintenance,
Ex: Configurations
Plants Configurations,like Enhancing SAP
Creating SAP Software,
Tables etc. managing
times, controlling down
the
Business, Countries
Configurations, Sales network,
etc. user management
Organizations
configuration etc.

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 SAP Basis Functionality
As we know BASIS is a set of tools. This tool has the
following different functionality like:-

 System monitoring and administration tools

 Common monitoring tool CCMS (Computing Centre
Management System) to monitor alerts of R/3 system
from one place.
 Server side scripting in ABAP and Javascript.

 Use of Business server pages to build online stores and

portals.
 Database monitoring and administration utilities

 Resource management like memory, buffer, etc.

 Authorization and profile management tools for user

management.

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 SAP Basis Functionality

 Internet access control to the system and business

objects.
 Transfer modifications in screen, program, layout from

the development to production system for accuracy

purpose by Transport Management System.
 Client server architecture and configuration.

 Graphical User Interface designing for the presentation

layer.

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 SAP Basis Responsibility

 SAP Basis is a middle ware tool for applications,

operating system and database. SAP Basis consultant
should able to do the following tasks:-
 SAP application server monitoring, ABAP dump and
system log analysis.
 Performance tuning

 Database maintenance, Database backup schedule and

restore

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 SAP Basis Responsibility
 R/3, Netweaver, Solution manager installation, etc..
 SAP license maintenance.

 SAP landscape, transport management system

installations, etc
 Client creating, client copying, client deletion, etc

 Creating user, assigning roles, locking and unlocking

users, etc
 Background jobs scheduling, job monitoring, job deletion,

etc
 Profile and operation mode maintenance

 Applying support patches, upgrading and installing add-

ons
 SNOTE applying and removing errors.

 System copy, System refresh, etc

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 SAP GUI

SAP GUI is a client tool which is used to access remote

central server and runs on different operating systems like
Microsoft Windows, UNIX, Mac, etc. This is used to manage
and access SAP applications like SAP ECC and SAP
Business Intelligence System.

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 SAP Instance

A SAP instance is when we install and configure a SAP

system. This instance defines a group of resources memory,
processors and other resources in the system. This allows
users to login to the SAP system and share the same
resources.

SAP instance is managed by CCMS. Users can login to the

SAP system using an instance. A SAP system can consist of
one or more instances.

There are basically 3 types of Instances. Which are Dialog

instance, Central Instance and Database Instance.

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 Dialog Instances

Dialog instance exists in the application layer. Its purpose is

to maintain load on the server. Dialog instance exists on
different host. If number of dialog instance increases
hardware resources, dispatcher, work processes also
increases so that more number of users can login at a time.

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 Central Instances

Central instance can also work as dialog instance. But the

main thing is that it contains Enqueue and message servers.
All dialog instances communicate with central instance before
requesting database with message server. When an instance
is started, the dispatcher process attempts to establish a
connection to the message server so that it can announce the
services it provides (DIA, BTC, SPO, UPD, etc.). Lock table is
managed in central instance by enqueue service.

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 Database Instances

As normal database instance accepts requests from central

instance to fulfill the user's requests. As lock management
system provided by enqueue server it will provide service to
users.

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 Components of Dialog Instance

These are the different components of the Dialog Instance:

Internal Communication Manager – This is used to process

both client and server web requests. It supports protocol –
HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP

Dispatcher – This is used to distribute the user request to

different work processes. If all the work processes are busy,
requests are stored in the dispatcher queue.

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 Components of Dialog Instance

Work Processes – These are used to execute Java or ABAP

programs.

SAP Gateway – This provides RFC interface between SAP

instances.

Message Server – This is used for message communication

and also balances the load in SAP system.

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 SAP System Number & Profile

The SAP System Number is the number that is mentioned

when the SAP System is installed.

Start Profile: Profile Name Insert the name of the start profile
from Profiles to start the instance.

Instance Profile: Profile Name You have to select the name of

instance profile from Profiles to run the instance.

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SAP 3 Tire Architecture

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 Presentation Layer

Presentation servers contain systems capable of providing

a graphical interface.

 Presentation Layer is also known as client Layer

 Presentation Layer is a user interaction

 In SAP-User interaction purpose we use GUI

 GUI stands for Graphical user interface

 Example − Desktop, Mobile Devices, laptops

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 Application Layer

Application servers include specialized systems with

multiple CPUs and a vast amount of RAM. Application Layer
is also known as Kernel Layer and Basic Layer.

 SAP application programs are executed in Application

Layer.
 Application Layer serves as a purpose of a communicator

between Presentation and Database Layer.

 Application server is where the dispatcher distributes the

work load to the different work processes makes the job

done.

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 Database Layer

Database servers contain specialized systems with fast

and large hard-drives.

 Database layer stores the data

 Data store can be Business data, SAP system data, SAP

tables, Programs.
 Examples − Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB/2,

Siebel, Sybase, etc.

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 SAP NetWeaver

SAP NetWeaver is one of the central components of the

entire SAP software stack and provides you a platform for
other components and JAVA and ABAP applications.

SAP Application server consists of multiple application server

instances and also database servers. With use of dialog
instance, it also contains message server and an enqueue
server.

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 SAP NetWeaver

 ABAP System – This comes with an integrated VM

Container. With this installation, you can run ABAP
programs and selected SAP Java applications (shown in
left box).

 Java System – The components to the right in the above

image constitute the Java System. With the installation of
this, you can run J2EE applications but not any ABAP
programs.

 ABAP + Java system – All the components shown in the

above image constitute the ABAP + Java System.

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 SAP Landscape

SAP system landscape is defined as an arrangement of SAP

servers. Ideally, in a Sap environment, a three system
landscape exists. A system landscape consists of
Development Server (Dev), Production Server (PROD), and
Quality Assurance server (QAS).

SAP Architecture is defined as a technology framework of

SAP system and it changes with time unlike the system
landscape. SAP Architecture changes with new software like
SAP ECC 6.0, the most recent one.

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 SAP Landscape

Sandbox Server

When a project is implemented, at the initial stages, a

sandbox server is used where all the customization,
configuration is performed.

Development Server

The configuration in development server and saved in

workbench requests and this has to be transported to Quality
server.

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 SAP Landscape

Quality Server

This is the place where users will test the scenarios and
confirm the process to move to Production server.

Production Server

You can consider it as the final or the most refined stage

where the work is done when project is in production go live.
All the changes that are required by the client are performed
in the DEV environment and tested in Quality and later, the
request is transported to production.

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 SAP Solution Manager

Solution Manager is an integrated platform to align business

and IT on one business process landscape and drive the
“business of IT” from a common understanding of business
value, business models, operating models and solution
powered by IT.

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 SAP Service Market Place

SAP Service Marketplace provides support for business

applications, analytic solutions and platform support, including
software download, license key requests, customer
messages, and the SAP Notes database.

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 SAP Sizing

Helping the Customers to Determine Their Hardware

Requirements.

Sizing means determining hardware requirements such as

memory, CPU power, disk space, I/O capacity, and network
bandwidth. It is an iterative process to translate business
requirements into hardware requirements, and is usually
performed early in the project.

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 SAP Implementation

It is the whole of processes that defines a complete method to

implement the SAP ERP enterprise resource planning
software in an organization.

The SAP implementation method described in this entry is a

generic method and not a specific implementation method as
such. It is based on best practices and case studies from
various literature sources and presents a collection of
processes and products that make up a complete
implementation method to allow any organization to plan and
execute the implementation of SAP software.

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 Client Management

A client is defined as a self-contained commercial,

organizational, and technical unit within an SAP System. This
means that all business data within a client is protected from
other clients. Each client has its own customer data, which
can be considered as the exclusive property of this client.

However, the SAP System offers a system solution that is

implemented for all clients in a central repository and cross-
client tables (central data source).

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 RFC Management

Remote Function Call is the proprietary SAP SE interface.

Remote Function Call (RFC) is the standard SAP interface for
communication between SAP systems.

The RFC calls a function to be executed in a remote system.

Remote function calls may be associated with SAP software
and ABAP programming and provide a way for an external
program (written in languages such as PHP, ASP, Java, or C,
C++) to use data returned from the server.

Data transactions are not limited to getting data from the

server, but can insert data into server records as well. SAP
can act as the Client or Server in an RFC call.

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 Security Management

SAP security is one of the most important technical module

where the SAP security administrators are responsible for the
development and administration of user rights on SAP
system.

For success and effective functions in every organization,

standard SAP security model has to be implemented at all
levels.

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 Transport Management

TMS is to model and manage the system landscape. It

provides tools for configuring the system landscape, as well
as for organizing, carrying out and monitoring transports.

All SAP Systems that are subject to the administration of the

TMS form a transport domain. This is usually all SAP
Systems in the system landscape. Certain system settings
are the same for all systems within a transport domain, such
as the transport routes.

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 Printer & Output Management

SAP provides its own print and output management

component so that users do not have to deal with operating
system-specific issues. SAP’s Spool component is used for
outputting SAPscript texts and ABAP lists.

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 Background Job Management
Unlike Foreground jobs, Background jobs are non-interactive
processes that run behind the normal interactive operations.
They run in parallel and do not disturb interactive(foreground)
processes and operations.

 It reduces manual effort & automates the task.

 It can be scheduled as per user's choice.

 It reduces user interaction and can run seamlessly in the

background without user input

 Once define the variant for background job, the user doesn't

have to worry about value input in the field. Thus, user

confusion is also reduced.
 Ideal for time- consuming / resource intensive programs
which can be scheduled to run in the night (when system
load is low).

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 DBA Administration

The database server plays a key role in the SAP server

technology. The amount of work involved in managing the
database largely depends on the size and the workload.

SAP supplies several database administration tools,

BR*Tools, in the standard SAP system package, helping to
manage the database more easily.

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 SAP Backup & Restore
We need to regularly back up your operating system and
database to restore the SAP system, if required. To use an
appropriate back up and restore method is one of the most
important tasks of the system and database administrator.

This is important depends on several factors, such as:

 Disaster recovery concept

 Maximum permissible downtime during restore

 Amount of data loss that is tolerable

 Available budget

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 Daily Administration Task
System monitoring is a daily routine activity.

Checking Application Servers, Monitoring System wide

Work Processes, Monitoring Work Processes for Individual
Instances, Monitoring Lock Entries, CPU Utilization, Available
Space in Database, Monitoring Update Processes, Monitoring
System Log, Buffer Statistics

Some others are:

Monitoring Batch Jobs, Spool Request Monitoring, Number

of Print Requests, ABAP Dump Analysis, Database
Performance Monitor, Database Check, Monitoring
Application Users.

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 SAP Update & Upgrade

With the increased diversity of components within a product

version, when it comes to applying Support Packages and
patches, greater transparency is needed.

The SP Stacks are a collection or set of Support Packages

and patches for the respective product version that must be
apply in the given combination. SAP releases sets of Support
Packages per product and quarter.

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 SAP Migration

Work Processes – These are used to execute Java or ABAP

programs.

SAP Gateway – This provides RFC interface between SAP

instances.

Message Server – This is used for message communication

and also balances the load in SAP system.

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