ELEMENTS OF THE

PERIODIC TABLE
SCIENCE ASSESSMENT
VU NGUYEN THU GIANG (ZOEY)
 History of the Periodic Table

Element
s of the Trends in the periodic
Periodic Table

Table Atomic Number and

discovery
Classification and Properties
Scandiu
m Bonding and Compounds
Uses
Part I: History of the Periodic Table

DMITRI IVANOVICH
MANDELEEV
The scientific contribution
A Russian chemist and inventor.
One of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society, worked on the theory
and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This
work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its
use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.
Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and
form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin
Formulated the Periodic Law
Created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct
the properties of some already discovered elements
Predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.
Investigated the composition of petroleum, helped to found the first oil refinery in
Russia. He recognized the importance of petroleum as a feedstock for petrochemicals.
 
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

DMITRI IVANOVICH
MANDELEEV
An example of an experiment, model and method
Mendeleev realized that the physical and chemical properties of elements
were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so
that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in
his table.
He was also able to work out the atomic mass of the missing elements, and
so predict their properties. And when they were discovered, Mendeleev
turned out to be right. For example, he predicted the properties of an
undiscovered element that should fit below aluminum in his table. When
this element, called gallium, was discovered in 1875 its properties were
found to be close to Mendeleev's predictions. Two other predicted elements
were later discovered, lending further credit to Mendeleev's table.
It is also worthy to note that Mendeleev's 1871 arrangement was related to
the atomic ratios in which elements formed oxides, binary compounds with
oxygen whereas today's periodic tables are arranged by increasing atomic
numbers, that is, the number of protons a particular element contains.
Although we can imply the formulas for oxides from today's periodic table,
it is not explicitly stated as it was in Mendeleev's 1871 table. The oxides
ratio column was not shown in earlier Mendeleev versions.
Conclusion: Besides being the first person who had idea about the Periodic
Table, Mendeleev had laid the foundation of a great work and contributed the
theory of developing and completed the Periodic Table.
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

DMITRI IVANOVICH
MANDELEEV
Information about technological advancements that assisted Mendeleev’s discovery
Modern day periodic tables are expanded
beyond Mendeleev's initial 63 elements.
Most of the current periodic tables
include 108 or 109 elements. It is also
important to notice how the modern
periodic table is arranged. Although we
have retained the format of rows and
columns, which reflects a natural order,
the rows of today's tables show elements
in the order of Mendeleev's columns. In
other words the elements of what we
now call a 'period' were listed vertically Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table A sample of the periodic table of
by Mendeleev. Chemical 'groups' are now Mendeleev, from the first English edition
shown vertically in contrast to their of his book (1891, based on the fifth
edition in Russian)
horizontal
“I beganformat in Mendeleev's
to look table down the elements with their atomic weights and typical
about and write   properties, analogous
elements and like atomic weights on separate cards, and this soon convinced me that the properties of elements are
in periodic dependence upon their atomic weights.” 
--Mendeleev, Principles of Chemistry, 1905, Vol. II
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

JOHN NEWLANDS
The scientific contribution
In full John Alexander Reina Newlands, (born November
26, 1837, London, England—died July 29, 1898, London)
English chemist whose “law of octaves” noted a pattern in
the atomic structure of elements with similar chemical
properties and contributed in a significant way to the
development of the periodic law.
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

JOHN NEWLANDS

An example of an experiment, model and method

Newlands was the first person to devise a periodic table of

chemical elements arranged in order of their relative
atomic [Link] Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner's
work with triads and Jean-Baptiste Dumas' families of
similar elements, he published in 1865 his 'Law of
Octaves', which stated that 'any given element will exhibit
analogous behaviour to the eighth element following it in
the table.'
Newlands arranged all of the known elements, starting
with hydrogen and ending with thorium (atomic weight
90), into seven groups of eight, which he likened to
octaves of music.
Conclusion: John Newlands had made everybody recognize
the Periodic Table. He not only developed Mendeleev’s
investigation, but also found a new, unique way to prove
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table
Information about technological advancements that assisted Mendeleev’s discovery

In Newlands' table, the elements were ordered by the atomic weights that were known at
the time and were numbered sequentially to show their order. Groups were shown going
across the table, with Periods going down – the opposite from the modern form of the
periodic table.

JOHN NEWLANDS
Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

MARRIE CURIE

The scientific contribution

Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French
physicist and chemist.
Curie was a pioneer in researching radioactivity, winning the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1903 (For their joint research into radioactivity, Marie and Pierre
Curie were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.) and Chemistry in
1911 (Marie won her second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry, for
isolating pure radium.)
Curie never worked on the Manhattan Project, but her contributions to the
study of radium and radiation were instrumental to the future development
of the atomic bomb.
 Part 1: History of the Periodic Table

MARRIE CURIE
An example of an experiment, model and method

Adopting the study of Henri Becquerel's discovery of radiation

in uranium as her thesis topic, Curie began the systematic
study of other elements to see if there were others that also
emitted this strange energy. Within days she discovered that
thorium also emitted radiation, and further, that the amount
of radiation depended upon the amount of element present in
the compound. Thus, she deduced that radioactivity does not
depend on how atoms are arranged into molecules, but rather
that it originates within the atoms themselves.

As a team, the Curies would go on to even greater scientific

discoveries. In 1898, they announced the discovery of two Conclusion: Marri Currie had
new elements, radium and polonium. In 1906, Pierre was killed found 2 new elements for the
in a traffic accident. Marie carried on their research and was Periodic Table, built a foundation
appointed to fill Pierre's position at the Sorbonne, thus others radioactive elecments
becoming the first woman in France to achieve professorial
 Part II: Trends in the periodic Table
Ionization energy & electron affinity

Electronic affinity & Inoization energy

Alkali
Metals Noble
Alkaline Earth Mentals Halogen
Gases
s
Atomic radius

Transition
Mentals
 Part II: Trends in the periodic Table

How the electronic structure of an atom determines its position on the periodic table and its properties
 The elements are arranged in an increasing direction according to the atomic nucleus charge
 The elements have the same number of electrons in atoms n a line
 The elements have the same number of valence electrons in atom in a row

Using some examples describe the overall trend in melting point, boiling point and atomic radii as you move
across a period of the periodic table
For example Group 1
Li (Lithium)has melting point at 453.69K, boiling point at 1615K, radius 167pm
Na (Sodium) has melting point at 370.87K, boiling point at 1156K, radius 190pm
K (Potassium) has melting point at 336.53K, boiling point at 1032K, radius 243pm
 When moving the across aperiod of the periodic table:
• Melting point has an increasing direction (Li < Na < K)
• Boiling point has a decreasing direction (Li > Na > K)
• Atomic radii has a increasing direction (Li < Na < K)
 Conclusion: Melting point and atomic radii has a decreasing trend and boiling point has a increasing trend when
moving across a period
 Part II: Trends in the periodic Table

Describe what happens to the size of an atom as you move down a group on the periodic table. How does this
relate to the electronic structure of the atom?
The size of an atom C (Carbon) is 26 pm
The size of an atom N (Nitrogen) is 56 pm
The size of an atom O (Oxygen) is 48 pm

 The size of an atoms decreases left to right. Moving down a group in the periodic table, the number of filled
electron shells increases. In a group, the valence electrons keep the same effective nuclear charge, but now
the orbitals are farther from the nucleus. Therefore, the nucleus has less of a pull on the outer electrons and
the atomic radii are larger. 

Link between electron structure and trends

 Elements in the same Group of the Periodic Table have the same number of valence shell electrons
(electrons in the highest energy level).
 Going across a period of the Periodic Table from left to right the number of valence electrons increases.
• Trends in energy of valence electrons:
 The valence shell electrons of elements in the same Period of the Periodic Table occupy the same energy
level (shell).
 Going down a Group of the Periodic Table from top to bottom, the energy of the valence shell electrons
increases.
Part III: Scandium
Atomic Number and discovery

Scadium
Sc
Atomic number: 21
Atomic mass: 44.955910
Density: 1.734 ounces per cubic inch (3.0 grams per
cubic cm)
Phase at room temperature: solid Group 3 , period 4
Melting point: 2804ºF (1540ºC)
Boiling point: 5126ºF (2830ºC)

Atomic
structure:
21 Protons
24 Neutrons
21 Electrons

Pure Scandium
Part III: Scandium
Atomic Number and discovery

It was discovered by Swedish chemist, Lars Fredrik

Nilson, in the year of 1879.
Nilson and his team detected scandium when they
were working with the rare minerals Euxenite and
Gadolinite, which were brought from Scandinavia.
Hence, the chemical element derived its name from
the Latin word 'Scanda', which means Scandinavia.
Part III: Scandium
Classification and Properties

Silver white 
Color/physical properties Owing to the formation of Sc2O3 oxide on its surface, its stability
in air changes slowly to a yellowish form
Classification Metals (Transition Mentals)
Melting point 1541°C (2806°F) 
Boiling point 2836°C (5137°F)  
Density 2.99 g/cm3 
Standard state (normal phase) at
Solid, a moderately soft texture.
room temperature
(Phase at room temperature)
(solid/liquid/gas)
Brinell hardness 750 Mpa 
Part III: Scandium
Classification and Properties

Attraction for outer shell electrons

 Scandium is the first element of the period table where electron configurations start
getting a little wild. Up to this point, you have been using a system of 2-8-8 to
describe electron shells. Every element adds one more electron to the outermost
shell. Instead of having three electrons in the outer shell, scandium adds its electron
to the second to last shell. The electron configuration is 2-8-9-2. 
 Scandium will also found to the right of calcium in the fourth period of the table.
Even though its electron configuration is a bit different, scandium still wants to bond
with those three extra electrons, no matter what shell they are in.

Link between electron structure and properties and position on the periodic table
 The properties of scandium compounds are intermediate between those of
aluminium and yttrium. A diagonal relationship exists between the behavior of
magnesium and scandium, just as there is between beryllium and aluminium. In the
chemical compounds of the elements in group 3, the predominant oxidation state is
+3.
Part III: Scandium
Bonding and Compounds
Part III: Scandium
Uses
Fact: even through it was  Scandium is used in aluminum-scandium alloys for
discovered in 1879, it has no uses aerospace industry components and for sports
until 1970 equipment such as bicycle frames, fishing rods, golf
iron shafts
 Scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps,and baseball bats.
which
are used to replicate sunlight in studios for the film and
television industry. Scandium oxide (scandia), is used to
make high intensity “stadium” lights.

 Well-known American gun-making company, Smith &

Wesson, uses scandium alloy for making the frames of
its revolvers.
 Scandium-46, which is a radioactive isotope of the
element, is used in oil refineries, where it plays the
role of a tracing agent. The compound scandium
triflate acts as a catalyst in organic chemistry.
 Scandium can also be used for the purpose of
polishing glass.