DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : G. Subba Rao & B. Santhosha Kumari
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Electronics & Communication Engg.
Institute : BPTC, Bapatla
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Microprocessors
Subject Code : CM 405
Topic : Introduction and Architecture
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub Topic : Introduction To Microcomputers, Basic
Functional Blocks Of Microprocessor
Teaching Aids : Figures
Revised by :[Link],Lecturer,GPT,Nizamabad
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Objectives
On completion of this period you would be able to
• Know about Microcomputer
• Draw the basic functional block diagram of a
microprocessor
• Describe each block of microprocessor
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Classification of Computers
Computers are Two Types
• Analog Computers
– Constructed using circuits that handle continuously
varying voltage signals
• Digital Computers
– Constructed using circuits like Digital ICs that handle
binary signals
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Classification Of Digital Computers
• Main frame computers
– Large size, huge capacities, very high speed
computation
• Mini computers
– Medium size, moderate capabilities, medium speed
• Micro computers
– Small size, small memory, low speed
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Microcomputers
• Originally of smaller capabilities
• With large technological developments, today’s
Microcomputers are comparable to earlier Mini
or even Main frame systems
• So, distinction becomes difficult now
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Microcomputers
• Personal Computers (PCs) comes under the
category of Microcomputers
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Block Diagram Of A Microcomputer
CPU
ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT(ALU)
INPUT CONTROL UNIT OUTPUT
MEMORY
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Basic Blocks Of A Microcomputer
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit (CU)
• Memory
• Input Unit (I/P)
• Output Unit (O/P)
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Microprocessor
• If ALU and Control Unit comes on one single IC, it is
called Microprocessor
• So, ‘Microprocessor is a single chip CPU’
• Microprocessors are now used as CPUs in
Microcomputers
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Block Diagram Of A Microprocessor
Accumulator
&
Flag Register
ALU General
Purpose
Registers
Timing and Control
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Description of Block Diagram
•The microprocessor is a data processing unit
•Data processing includes both computation and data
handling
•The main blocks of microprocessor are
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Accumulator
General purpose Registers
Flag register
Timing and Control Unit
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Arithmetic And Logic Unit
• Performs arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
• Also performs logical operations like AND ,OR, NOT, XOR,
Compare, etc.
Accumulator
• This is a register used for holding data and storing
intermediate results and data
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General Purpose Registers
• The general purpose registers are also used for storing
data and involve in various arithmetic and logic operations
• The size and number of registers depends on the specific
Microprocessor
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Flag Register
• A flag is a flip flop that indicates some condition
produced on the execution of an instruction or controls
certain operation of microprocessor
• Group of such flags is called a flag register
• The size of the flag register varies from one processor to
the other
• The Flag register is also called as Processor Status Word
(PSW)
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Timing And Control Unit
• The timing unit contains an oscillator which generates
clock signals that synchronize all the operations in the
microprocessor
• Control unit generates signals to control each block of
a microprocessor to perform operations at right time
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Summary
• Accumulator stores the results and data
• ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations
• Microprocessor contains general purpose and special
purpose registers
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Quiz
• The status of ALU after an operation is indicated by
(a) General Purpose Register
(b) Timing and Control unit
(c) Flag Register
(d) Program counter
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Frequently Asked Questions
1. What are the basic blocks present in a microprocessor
and explain their function.
2. What is meant by a flag ?
3. What is the use of general purpose register ?
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