Chapter 2
Load Flow Studies
Introduction
• Power flow study is also known as load flow
study.
• It is an analysis during steady-state conditions.
• It is used for planning and controlling a system.
• Assumptions: balanced conditions and single
phase analysis.
Introduction
Power flow problem can be understood by a simple system.
V1 Ii is the current
SG1 injected into the bus.
SD2
Vi is the Complex
voltage at the bus.
SGi is the Complex
SD3 power injected by
SD4 SG3 generator.
I3
SDi is the Complex
S i SGi SDi power drawn by the
load.
S i is the Complex power injected to the bus i .
Introduction
Main objective of load flow analysis is
1) To determine the Complex voltages Vi at all the
busses.
2) To determine the Complex power Pi and Qi at
required busses.
Following points will be observed during Load flow studies
• Violation of voltage Magnitude
• Over loading of lines
• Overloading of generators
• Reduction of stability margins
REAL AND REACTIVE POWER INJECTED IN A BUS
For the formulation of the real and reactive power entering a bus, we
need to define the following quantities.
Let the voltage at the ith bus be denoted by
Vi Vi i Vi cos i j sin i
Also let us define the self admittance at bus-i as
Yii Yii ii
Yii Yii cos ii j sin ii Gii jBii
Similarly the mutual admittance between the buses
i and j can be written as
Yij Yij ij Yij cos ij j sin ij Gij jBij
Vi V1
yi1
V2
Cntd… yi2
Ii
Vn
…
The current injected at bus-i is given as yin
I i Yi1V1 Yi 2V2 YinVn
n
( 1)
Y
k 1
Vk
ik
• The complex power at bus-i is then given by
n
Pi jQi Vi I i Vi YikVk
k 1
Vi cos i j sin i . YikVk cos ik j sin ik cos k j sin k
n
k 1
YikViVk cos i j sin i cos ik j sin ik cos k j sin k
n
k 1
(2)
Cntd…
• Note that
cos j sin . cos j sin . cos j sin
i i ik ik k k
cos j sin .cos j sin
i i ik k ik k
cos j sin
ik k i ik k i
Therefore substituting in (2) we get the real and reactive power as
n
Pi Y ViVk cos ik k i
ik
k 1
n
Qi YikViVk sin ik k i
k 1
Equation for Bus voltages
Pi jQi Vi I i *
I i ( Pi jQi ) / Vi * (1)
n
I i YikVk
k 1
n
I i YiiVi YikVk (2)
k 1
i ! k
From equations 1 and 2
n
( Pi jQi ) / Vi * YiiVi YikVk
k 1
i ! k
n
Vi (1 / Yii )[(Pi jQi ) / Vi * YikVk ]
k 1
i ! k
Power Flow Solution
• 4 quantities are associated with each bus,
which are:
– voltage magnitude |V|
– phase angle,δ
– real power, P (unit: Watt)
– reactive power, Q (unit: Var)
Types of busses
Types of Buses in Power Systems
Load Bus or PQ Bus
– known real (P) and reactive (Q) power injections.
– No generator attach to load bus.
Generator Bus or PV Bus
– known real (P) power injection and the voltage
magnitude (V).
Slack Bus or Swing Bus
– known voltage magnitude (V) and voltage angle (),
often it is taken to be 10 p.u.
– must have one generator as the slack bus.
– takes up the power slack due to losses in the network.
Basic Techniques
Basic Techniques for Power Flow Studies
• Power flow analysis is an iterative problem.
• Steps to be taken in power flow analysis:
1) One line diagram or load flow data of a power system
2) Construct Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus)
3) Calculate the power flow analysis equations/parameters
• Power flow is a nonlinear problem and it is commonly
solved by the iterative solution of nonlinear algebraic
equations:
– Gauss-Seidal
– Newton-Raphson
– Fast Decoupled
Data for Load flow
• System Data
This should give the information on the following.
Number of busses ,n
Number of PV busses.
Number of Loads.
Number of transmission lines
Number of transformers.
Number of Shunts elements.
The slack bus number.
Voltage magnitude of slack
Cntd…
• Generator Bus Data
For every PV Bus i , the data required is
Bus Number.
Active power generation PGi.
The specified voltage magnitude | V i , sp|.
Minimum reactive power Qi , min.
Maximum reactive power Qi , max.
• Load Data
For all loads, the data required is
Bus Number.
Active power Demand PDi.
Reactive power Demand QDi.
Cntd…
• Transmission Line Data
For every transmission line the data required is
Bus Numbers.
Resistance of the line.
Reactance of the line.
Half line charging impedance.
• Transformer Data
For every transformer , the data required is
Bus Numbers.
Resistance of the transformer.
Reactance of the transformer.
Off-nominal turns ratio.
Gauss seidel method of
Load flow solution
Complex power injected at bus i is given by
Pi jQi Vi I i *
I i ( Pi jQi ) / Vi * (1)
Current injected at bus i is given by
n
I i YikVk
k 1
n
I i YiiVi YikVk (2)
k 1
i ! k
From equations 1 and 2
n
( Pi jQi ) / Vi * YiiVi YikVk
k 1
i ! k n
Vi (1 / Yii )[(Pi jQi ) / Vi * YikVk ]
k 1
i ! k
*Above equation is an implicit function
• Load flow equations are non-linear algebraic
equations.
*To seek a solution we make an initial guess of all the
bus voltages. ( except slack BUS) .
* In Gauss seidel method, the values of updated
voltages are used in computation of subsequent
voltages
Algorithm for Gauss seidel method
of Load flow solution
1. Prepare the Data for load flow. ( Generator bus ,Load
bus , Slack bus and line data)
2. Formulate the Bus Admittance Matrix YBUS.
3. Assume initial voltages for all (n-1) busses, i.e 2,…..n (
except slack bus V1=1.0).
4. Update the voltages. In any (r+1)th iteration, the
voltages are given by
For i =1 ,2 3……..n
Algorithm cntd……
Algorithm cntd……
7. Compute all line flows.
All line currents are given by
All the powers