INFRARED SPERCTROSCOPY
Submitted By : Submitted To :
Hemendra Singh(M18PH008) Dr. V. Narayanan
Arun Jangir(M18PH005) Asst. Prof. Dept. Of Physics
IIT Jodhpur
• Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction
between matter and radiated energy or radiation.
• Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is
the spectroscopy that deals with the interaction of only
infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum with the
matter.
• Molecular Effect of EM Radiation
Regions of IR Radiation
VIBRATIONS
Two types of vibrations are;
1. Stretching
i. Symmetric
ii. Asymmetric
2. Bending
i. Scissoring
ii. Rocking
iii. Wagging
iv. Twisting
Principle of IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy is a qualitative analytical technique that
helps to indicate mainly the functional group of a molecule.
When the IR radiation irradiated to the molecule the part of
molecule which is functional absorbs it, as a result of this
absorbance the molecular vibration increases.
After the excitation of molecular vibration, these molecules
comes back to their original state by releasing that energy
of certain wave number which is recorded as transmittance
on the spectrophotometer.
• Parameters
The spectrophotometer give the spectra of certain wave by
indicating the quality of wave (i.e. its wavenumber) and the
quantity of wave that how much wave is absorbed by the
molecule (Transmittance).
Transmittance is the fraction of incident light electromagnetic radiation at a specified wavelength that
passes through a sample.(Lambert-Beer Law) It is a ratio so it has no unit.
• Requirement of molecule
In order to absorb the electromagnetic radiation for a molecule
the frequency of the incident radiation matches the natural
frequency of the vibration, the IR photon is absorbed and the
amplitude of the vibration increases.
The dipole moment of the molecule must change as a result of
a molecular vibration. The change in the dipole moment allows
interaction with the alternating electrical component of the IR
radiation wave. Symmetric molecules (or bonds) do not absorb
IR radiation since there is no dipole moment.
• The IR Spectrum
There are two type of IR Spectra from which we can obtained the
information about the quality of molecule .
1. The Functional Group region: Identifies the functional group with the
consequence of changing stretching vibrations. Ranges from 4000 to 1600
cm-1.
2. The Fingerprint region: Identifies the exact molecule with the consequence
of changing bending vibrations. Ranges from 1600 to 625cm-1.
Focus your analysis on this region. This is where most stretching Fingerprint region: complex and difficult to
• Interpretation of IR Spectra
Structural information about a compound is mainly derived from
the presence or absence of characteristics absorption bands of
various functional groups in the IR Spectrum of the compound.
A knowledge of the band of all the major functional groups will be
valuable. The band position of all the major structural bonding
types have been determined in a tabular form. Characteristic
absorption position of some of the more important common
functional groups are presented in given table.
This table is particularly useful for correlation when the spectrum
of an unknown compound has been obtained.
It is always more useful to make direct comparison with the
spectra of closely related compound.
We can calculate an approximate value of the
stretching vibrational frequency of a bond by treating
the two atoms and their connecting bond, to first
approximation, as two balls connected by a spring,
acting as a simple harmonic oscillator for which the
Hooke’s Law may be applied.
According to Hooke’s Law , The Stretching frequency
is related to the masses of the atom and the force
constant(a measure of resistance of a bond to
stretching) of a bond by the following equation
• Hooke’s Law
s=strong, m=medium, w=weak, v=variable.
IR Spectrum of Alkanes
Alkanes have no functional groups. Their IR spectrum displays only C-C and C-H bond
vibrations. Of these the most useful are the C-H bands, which appear around 3000
cm-1. Since most organic molecules have such bonds, most organic molecules will
display those bands in their spectrum.
IRSPECTRUM OF ALKYNES