Unit 3.
Module 2
ATOM Defined
…that all matter is made of very small
particles called atoms.
John Dalton
•Atom is regarded as the smallest, basic
unit of matter. Even if it is the basic unit
of matter, it is still composed of parts.
Atoms are composed of three types of particles,
namely:
(1) protons
(2) electrons
(3) neutrons.
These components of the atom are collectively
referred to as subatomic particles.
Activity 1 “Charge” it to experience!
Objectives: After performing this activity, you
should be able to:
1. observe that objects may attract or repel
each other
2. infer that objects may carry positive and
negative charges
3. deduce that neutral objects contain
positive and negative charges
Questions to Answer:
Q1. What happened with the balloons?
Q2. Did the balloons acquire the same
charge or different charges? What made you
say so?
Q3. What happened with the balloons?
Q4. Does the glass have a different or same
charge as the balloon? What made you say
so?
Answers to Questions
Q1. The balloons pushed away each other. They
moved toward opposite directions.
Q2. The balloons acquired the same charge since
they repelled one another; like charges repel.
Q3. The balloons moved toward the glass.
Q4. The glass and balloon have different charges
since they got attracted with each other; unlike
charges attract.
Balloons and Static
Electricity
If rubbing does not occur, there is no
transfer of charges, there is no repulsion or
attraction
Objects are electrically But where do all these charges
come from?
neutral, or simply, neutral,
but they carry electrical Atoms, of which all objects are
made, are electrical in nature.
charges.
Atoms contain particles with positive and
negative charges.
The proton carries a positive charge (+1).
The electron carries a negative charge (-1).
Atoms, in their most stable state are neutral with
an equal number of protons and electrons.
The other particle in atoms is the neutron
which does not carry any charge or is neutral.
Activity 2 The Big Difference
Objectives: After performing this activity, you
should be able to:
1. compare the masses of the subatomic
particles using different ways of visual
representation
2. infer which subatomic particle contributes to
the mass of the atom
Questions to Answer:
Q1. Which subatomic particle is the
lightest?
Q2. Which subatomic particle is
the heaviest?
Q3. Which subatomic particles
have almost the same mass?
Q4. How does the mass of the neutron compare
with the mass of the proton? Using circles to
represent the particles show the comparison by
drawing a seesaw with the particles on it.
Q5. How many electrons should be placed on
one side of the seesaw to balance it if the other
side has 1 proton on it, like the one shown
below? Write the number on the space provided
in the illustration below.
Answers to Questions
Q1. Electrons
Q2. Neutrons
Q3. Neutrons and Protons
Q4. The masses of the protons and neutrons are almost the same.
(Drawing: seesaw is just a little lower in the neutron side)
Q5. 1836 electrons
Computation:
no. of electrons (mass of 1 electron) = mass of 1 proton
no. of electrons (9.109 x 10-28 grams) = 1.672 x 10-24 grams
no. of electrons = 1.672 x 10-24 grams / 9.109 x 10-28 grams
no. of electrons = 1836
Q6. Neutrons and protons
Conclusions:
Protons and neutrons are “massive”
Electrons are very much lighter than the protons and
neutrons - to the point that its mass does not significantly
contribute to the mass of the entire atom. In effect, the
mass of the electron is negligible.
The massive part of the atom, then, comes from the
masses of the protons and neutrons (collectively known
as the nucleon).
Collectively, the protons and neutrons are
called nucleons.
The nucleons, tightly packed together,
form the nucleus in the center of the
atom.
Thus, most of the mass of the atom is
contained in its nucleus
Discoveries about the ATOM
Ancient Greeks
They thought atom was a
particle with no parts.
Towards the 19th century, J.J.
Thomson was able to discover that
atoms have negatively-charged
particles, which he called electrons.
Plum Pudding Model / Raisin Bread Model
A group of scientists composed of
Ernest Rutherford, Johannes "Hans"
Wilhelm Geiger and Ernest Marsden
tested Thomson’s model
alpha particle scattering experiment
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Rutherford and his coworkers
expected all of the alpha particles to
travel undeflected through the atoms of
gold.
Do the Alpha particle
scattering experiment.
Nuclear Model of the Atom 1912
Q1. What happens to a positively-charged alpha particle
that comes near the positively-charged nucleus?
It will be repelled causing the positively-charged alpha
particle to move at an angle away from the positively-
charged nucleus.
Q2. What happens when the positively-charged alpha
particle directly hits the positively-charged nucleus?
It will be repelled but the repulsion will be stronger
compared to the repulsion when the positively-charged
alpha particle only came close to the positivelycharged
nucleus. The alpha particle will be more strongly
deflected since it hits a particle with a bigger mass, the
nucleus of the gold atom.
Q3. Imagining this relative size of the nucleus compared
to the atom, would there be many more or fewer alpha
particles that would pass through the gold foil
undeflected compared to the number in your schematic
representation?
The nucleus is much tinier than the ones drawn in the
diagram; therefore, there will be more alpha particles
that will pass through.
Q4. What do you think are the chances of the
alpha particle directly hitting the nucleus?
There is a very small chance of hitting the
target (the nucleus) since it is very tiny.
• Rutherford’s Scattering Energy
Locate the atomic number.
Q1. What is the element with an atomic
number of 15?
Phosphorus
Q2. How many protons does the atom of
this element have?
15 protons
Q3. How many protons are there in an
atom of aluminum?
13 protons
Q4. Which element has the smallest
number of protons in its atom?
Hydrogen
• Build an Atom
1. While the number of protons is the
same with atoms of a particular
element, the number of neutrons
may vary.
2. Atoms having the same number of
protons but different number of
neutrons are referred as isotopes.
The isotopes are identified through their
mass number which is the sum of the
number of protons and the number of
neutrons in an atom.
A shorthand notation for isotope includes the
element’s symbol and mass number, for
instance, Ca-40.
Q5. How many protons are there in the C-12
isotope? How about the number of
neutrons?
6 protons; 6 neutrons
Q6. How many protons are there in the C-13
isotope? How about the number of
neutrons?
6 protons; 7 neutrons
Fill in the next table with
the needed information.
Isotope Element Name # of p+ # of e- # of n0 Charge
B-6 Boron 5 1 0
N-14 Nitrogen 7 0
Fluorine 9 10 -1
Neon 10 10
Mg-24 12 10
Al-27 +3
Si-28 14
S-32 0
K-35 +1
Isotope Element Name # of p+ # of e- # of n0 Charge
B-6 Boron 5 5 1 0
N-14 Nitrogen 7 7 7 0
F-19 Fluorine 9 10 -1
10
Ne-20 Neon 10 10 10 0
Mg-24 Magnesium 12 10 12 +2
Al-27 Aluminum 13 10 14 +3
Si-28 Silicon 14 14 14 0
S-32 Sulfur 16 16 16 0
K-35 Potassium 19 18 16 +1
THE END