Matlab Introduction

C. Jairaj
Department of Electronics Engineering,
KIT’s COE, Kolhapur
Jairaj.c@[Link]

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 Matlab Basic
• Matlab introduction
• Matlab elements
– Types
– Variables
– Matrices
• Loading, saving and ploting
• Matlab Programming language
• Scripts and functions
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 Matlab Introduction
• Matlab: Program for numerical computation.
• Designed for solving linear algebra type
problems using matrices.
• Stands for MATrix LABoratory.
• Why it is useful for prototyping AlI projects:
– large toolbox of numeric/image library functions
– very useful for displaying, visualizing data
– high-level: focus on algorithm structure, not on
lowlevel details
– allows quick prototype development of algorithms

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 Introduction contd…1
• Some other aspects of Matlab
– Matlab is an interpreter -> not as fast as compiled
code
• Typically quite fast for an interpreted language
• Often used early in development -> can then convert to
C (e.g.,) for speed
– Can be linked to C/C++, JAVA, SQL, etc
– Commercial product, but widely used in industry
and academia
– Many algorithms and toolboxes freely available

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 Getting Started

Editor Window
Workspace
and current
directory
Command
Command Window
History
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 Getting Started

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 Matlab Elements: Data Types

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 Matlab Elements: Variables
Variables and Arrays
• Array: A collection of data values organized into rows and
columns, and known by a single name.

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3
arr(3,2)
Row 4

Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5

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Arrays
• The fundamental unit of data in MATLAB
• Scalars are also treated as arrays by MATLAB
(1 row and 1 column).
• Row and column indices of an array start from
1.
• Arrays can be classified as vectors and
matrices.

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• Vector: Array with one dimension

• Matrix: Array with more than one dimension

• Size of an array is specified by the number of

rows and the number of columns, with the
number of rows mentioned first (For example: n
x m array).
Total number of elements in an array is the
product of the number of rows and the number
of columns.
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 1 2
a= 3 4 3x2 matrix  6 elements
5 6

b=[1 2 3 4] 1x4 array  4 elements, row vector

1
c= 3 3x1 array  3 elements, column vector
5

a(2,1)= b(3)= c(2)=

Row # Column #

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 Variables contd…1
• Have not to be previously declared
• Variable names can contain up to 63 characters
• Variable names must start with letter followed by
letters, digits, and underscores.
• Contents can be used or modified at any time.
• case sensitive
• Give meaningful (descriptive and easy-to-
remember) names for the variables. Never define
a variable with the same name as a MATLAB
function or command

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 Types of Matlab Variable
Common types of MATLAB variables
• double: 64-bit double-precision floating-point numbers
– can hold real, imaginary or complex numbers in the range
from ±10-308 to ±10308 with 15 or 16 decimal digits.
ex: >> var = 1 + i ;
• char: 16-bit values, each representing a single char
– used to hold character strings.
ex: >> comment = ‘This is a character string’ ;

The type of data assigned to a variable determines the

type of variable that is created.

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 Variables contd…3
• Initializing Variables in Assignment Statements
An assignment statement has the general form
var = expression
• Examples:
• >> var = 40 * i; >> a2 = [0 1+8];
• >> var2 = var / 5; >> b2 = [a2(2) 7 a];
• >> array = [1 2 3 4]; >> c2(2,3) = 5;
• >> x = 1; y = 2; >> d2 = [1 2];
• >> a = [3.4]; >> d2(4) = 4;
• >> b = [1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0];
• >> c = [1.0; 2.0; 3.0];
• >> d = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; ‘;’ semicolon suppresses the
• >> e = [1, 2, 3 automatic echoing of values but
• 4, 5, 6]; it slows down the execution.

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 Variables contd…4
Initializing Variables in Assignment Statements
• Arrays are constructed using brackets and
semicolons. All of the elements of an array are listed
in row order.
• The values in each row are listed from left to right
and they are separated by blank spaces or commas.
• The rows are separated by semicolons or new lines.
• The number of elements in every row of an array
must be the same.
• The expressions used to initialize arrays can include
algebraic operations and all or portions of previously
defined arrays.
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 Variables contd…5

Initializing with Built-in Functions

• zeros(n) >> a = zeros(2);
• zeros(n,m) >> b = zeros(2, 3);
• zeros(size(arr)) >> c = [1, 2; 3, 4];
• ones(n) >> d = zeros(size(c));
• ones(n,m)
• ones(size(arr))
• eye(n)
• eye(n,m)

• length(arr)
• size(arr)
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 Arrays

Multidimensional Arrays
• A two dimensional array with m rows and n columns will
occupy mxn successive locations in the computer’s memory.
• MATLAB always allocates array elements in column major
order.
1
a= [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9; 10 11 12]; 4
a(5) = a(1,2) = 2 1 2 3 7
4 5 6 10
• A 2x3x2 array of three dimensions 7 8 9 2
c(:, :, 1) = [1 2 3; 4 5 6 ]; 10 11 12 5
c(:, :, 2) = [7 8 9; 10 11 12]; 8
11

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 Arrays contd…1
Subarrays
• It is possible to select and use subsets of MATLAB arrays.
arr1 = [1.1 -2.2 3.3 -4.4 5.5];
arr1(3) is 3.3
arr1([1 4]) is the array [1.1 -4.4]
arr1(1 : 2 : 5) is the array [1.1 3.3 5.5] Indicates the interval

• For two-dimensional arrays, a colon can be used in a subscript

to select all of the values of that subscript.
arr2 = [1 2 3; -2 -3 -4; 3 4 5];
arr2(1, :)
arr2(:, 1:2:3)

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 Arrays contd…2

Subarrays
• The end function: When used in an array subscript, it returns
the highest value taken on by that subscript.
arr3 = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8];
arr3(5:end) is the array [5 6 7 8]
arr4 = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12];
arr4(2:end, 2:end)
• Using subarrays on the left hand-side of an assignment
statement:
arr4(1:2, [1 4]) = [20 21; 22 23];
(1,1) (1,4) (2,1) and (2,4) are updated.
arr4 = [20 21; 22 23]; all of the array is changed.
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 Arrays contd…3

Subarrays
• Assigning a Scalar to a Subarray: A scalar value on the right-
hand side of an assignment statement is copied into every
element specified on the left-hand side.
>> arr4 = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12];
>> arr4(1:2, 1:2) = 1
arr4 =
?
1 1 3 4
1 1 7 8
9 10 11 12

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 Variables contd…2
• Some special variables in Matlab
Name Description
ans Default variable name for results
Pi Value of ‘p’
eps Smallest incremental number
inf Infinity
NaN Not a number viz. ‘0/0’
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number
current date and time in the form of a 6-element
clock row vector containing the year, month, day, hour,
minute, and second
i, j
1
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 Data types

Changing the data format

>> value = 12.345678901234567;
format short  12.3457
format long  12.34567890123457
format short e  1.2346e+001
format long e  1.234567890123457e+001
format short g  12.346
format long g  12.3456789012346
format rat  1000/81

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 display

The disp( array ) function

>> disp( 'Hello' )
Hello
>> disp(5)
5
>> disp( [ ‘KIT ' ‘MATLAB' ] )
KIT MATLAB
>> name = ‘xyz';
>> disp( [ 'Hello ' name ] )
Hello xyz

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 The num2str() and int2str() functions
>> d = [ num2str(21) '-July-' num2str(2012) ];
>> disp(d)
21-July-2012
>> x = 23.11;
>> disp( [ 'answer = ' num2str(x) ] )
answer = 23.11
>> disp( [ 'answer = ' int2str(x) ] )
answer = 23

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 fprintf

The fprintf( format, data ) function

– %d integer
– %f floating point format
– %e exponential format
– %g either floating point or exponential
format, whichever is shorter
– \n new line character
– \t tab character

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 fprintf contd…
>> fprintf( 'Result is %d', 3 )
Result is 3
>> fprintf( 'Area of a circle with radius %d is %f', 3, pi*3^2 )
Area of a circle with radius 3 is 28.274334
>> x = 5;
>> fprintf( 'x = %3d', x )
x= 5
>> x = pi;
>> fprintf( 'x = %0.2f', x )
x = 3.14
>> fprintf( 'x = %6.2f', x )
x = 3.14
>> fprintf( 'x = %d\ny = %d\n', 3, 13 )
x=3
y = 13
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 Built-in Functions
Built-in MATLAB Functions
• result = function_name( input );
– abs, sign
– log, log10, log2
– exp
– sqrt
– sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
– max, min
– round, floor, ceil, fix
– mod, rem
• help elfun  help for elementary math
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 Errorrrrrrrrrrrrr
Types of errors in MATLAB programs
• Syntax errors
– Check spelling and punctuation
• Run-time errors
– Check input data
– Can remove “;” or add “disp” statements
• Logical errors
– Use shorter statements
– Check types
– Check units
– Ask your friends, assistants, instructor, …

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 Command Summary

Summary
• help command  Online help
• lookfor keyword  Lists related commands
• which  Version and location info
• clear  Clears the workspace
• clc  Clears the command window
• diary filename  Sends output to file
• diary on/off  Turns diary on/off
• who, whos  Lists content of the workspace
• more on/off  Enables/disables paged output
• Ctrl+c  Aborts operation
• …  Continuation
• %  Comments

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 Matlab Assignment and Operators
type notation Example description

Assignment = a=b a assigned the value of b

Adding + a+b a added with b
Subtraction - a–b b subtracted from a
* a*b a multiplied by b
Multiplication
.* a .* b Vector a multiplied by vector b
/ a/b a divided by b
Division
./ a ./ b Vector a divided by vector b
^ a^b a to the power b
Power
.^ a .^ b

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 Relational operators
• Provides 6 relational operators
Type Description

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

== Equal to

~= Not equal to

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 Logical operators
• Provides 3 logical operators
precedence
Type Description
And
& Equal precedence with
or
Or
I Equal precedence with
and
not
~ Highest precedence
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 Logical Functions

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 Matlab Matrices
• Matlab treats all variables as matrices.
• Matrix can be thought of as an array
• Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only
one row OR one column.
• Scalars are matrices with only one row AND
• one column
• Matrix with only one row is called a row vector. E.g.
– rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]
• Matrix with only one column is called column vector.
E.g.
– colvec = [12; 14; 63]
• A matrix can be created in Matlab as follows
– row_col = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]

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 Matrix contd…1
• Extracting a Sub-Matrix
– A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored
in a smaller matrix by specifying the names of
both matrices and the rows and columns to
extract. The syntax is:
• sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;
• r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending
rows and c1 and c2 specify the beginning and
ending columns to be extracted to make the
new matrix.

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 Extracting sub-matrix

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 Extracting sub-matrix

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 Matrix functions in Matlab
• X = ones(r,c) % Creates matrix full with ones
• X = zeros(r,c) % Creates matrix full with zeros
• A = diag(x) % Creates squared matrix with
vector x in diagonal
• [r,c] = size(A) % Return dimensions of mat. A
• +-*/ % Standard operations
• .+ .- .* ./ % Wise addition, subtraction,…
• v = sum(A) % Vector with sum of columns
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 Matrix functions in Matlab
• X = A’ % Transposed matrix
• X = inv(A) % Inv. matrix sqrd matrix
• X = pinv(A) % Pseudo inverse
• X = chol(A) % Cholesky decomp.
• d = det(A) % Determinant
• [X,D] = eig(A) % Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
• [Q,R] = qr(X) % QR decomposition
• [U,D,V] = svd(A) % singular value decomp.

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 Plot
• Lots of function for plotting data.
• The basic one will plot one vector vs. another.
– The first one will be treated as the abscissa (or x)
vector and
– The second as the ordinate (or y) vector.
• >> plot (time, dist) % plotting versus time
• Also plot a vector vs. its own index.
– Index treated as the abscissa
• >> plot (dist) % plotting versus index

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 Plot 1

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 Plot 2

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 Plot 3
• Putting axis labels, titles, legends

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 THE END
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