LARGE HADRON COLLIDER

Big Bang Re-Invented at CERN

Presented By:- Group 1

Binay Prasanna Jena- U109110
Chiranjit Mandhata – U109112
Soumyo Pattnaik –U109115
Jagrat Kr. Bhanja – U109171
Ashish Chaudhury – U109177
Perrot Romain – U109190
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 Why LHC ??

• To Answer Questions Like

– PROOF FOR BIG BANG THEORY OF EVOLUTION
– HIGGS BOSON
– THEORY OF SUPER-SYMMETRY
– DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY
– ANTI-MATTER (Ref. Da Vinci Code)

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 Project Management

THE EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR

NUCLEAR RESEARCH
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 CERN in a nutshell
• CERN Stands for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche
Nucléaire
• Founded in 1954 to encourage European basic science
• 20 European member states and 8 Observers
• Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland
• 2500 employees
• Budget: 40 000 million Rupees
• 8000 visiting scientists from 580 universities and 85
countries
• Research programs awarded:: 5 Nobel Prizes in Physics

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 History Highlights
• 1954: foundations for European science
• 1957: the first accelerator begins operation
• 1971: the world's first proton-proton collider
• 1973: neutral currents are revealed
• 1983: discovery of the W and Z particles
• 1990: Tim Berners-Lee invents the Web
• 1993: precise results on matter–antimatter asymmetry
• 1995: first observation of antihydrogen
• 2002: capturing antihydrogen atoms
• 2008: the LHC starts up

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 History of LHC
 The idea of LHC began in early 1980’s .
 CERN’s LEP (Large Electron Positron Collider) ran from 1989-2000.
 In 1984, a symposium organized in Lausanne, Switzerland, became
the official starting point for work on the LHC.
 Civil engineering work to excavate underground caverns to house the
huge detectors for the experiments started in 1998.
 February 2002:-The last piece of LEP goes up to the surface. In 14
months of dismantling, 40 000 tonnes of material were removed from
the 27-kilometre tunnel.
 The LHC which was proposed in 1994, replaced LEP and with its
facility for experiments to discover the truth about the universe
completed its construction in August 2008 .

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 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The LHC is designed to collide two counter rotating beams of
protons. Proton-proton collisions are foreseen at an energy
of 7 TeV per beam.
• The beams move around the LHC ring inside a continuous
vacuum guided by magnets.
• The magnets are superconducting and are cooled by a huge
cryogenics system. The cables conduct current without
resistance in their superconducting state.
• The beams will be stored at high energy for hours. During
this time collisions take place inside the four main LHC
experiments.

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Animation Video For the Same

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The Large Hadron Collider

50-
175m

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 Technologies
• Particle accelerators
• Highly integrated semiconductor micro-detectors
• High-speed data transmission and processing
• Inner Tracking System
• Time Projection Chamber
• Transition Radiation Detector
• Photon Spectrometer
• High Momentum Particle Identification Detector
• Muon spectrometer
• Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter
• Forward Multiplicity Detectors
• Total cross section, elastic scattering and diffractive processes
measurement

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 ATLAS CMS
•A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS •Compact Muon Solenoid
•Size: 46 m long, 25 m high and 25m wide. •Size: 21 m long, 15 m wide and 15 m
•Weight: 7000 tonnes high.
•Location: Meyrin, Switzerland. •Weight: 12 500 tonnes
•Location: Cessy, France.

PURPOSE: search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and particles that could
make up dark matter.

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 ALICE LHCb
•A Large Ion Collider Experiment. •Large Hadron Collider beauty
•The conditions just after the Big Bang •The LHCb experiment will reveal data
are recreated in LHC. The ALICE detector about antimatter by studying a type of
monitors these conditions ,& study a particle called the 'beauty quark', or 'b
state of matter known as quark‑gluon quark'.
plasma.

•Size: 26 m long, 16 m high, 16 m wide. •Size: 21m long, 10m high and 13m wide
•Weight: 10 000 tonnes . •Weight: 5600 tonnes
•Location: St Genis-Pouilly, France. •Location: Ferney-Voltaire, France.

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 TOTEM LHCf
•TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross •Large Hadron Collider forward
section Measurement.

•It will measure, in effect, the size of the •The LHCf experiment uses forward
proton and also monitor accurately the particles created inside the LHC as a
LHC's luminosity source to simulate cosmic rays in
laboratory conditions.

•Size: 440m long, 5m high and 5m wide • Size: Two detectors, each measures 30
cm long, 80 cm high, 10 cm wide
•Weight: 20 tonnes • Weight: 40 kg each

•Location: Cessy, France (near CMS) • Location: Meyrin, Switzerland (near

ATLAS)

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 Construction Design
• LHC is world’s largest and highest-energy particle
accelerator representing 5000 man years from
CERN and its collaborating institutes
• Collider contained in a circular tunnel of 27 kms
with depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres
underground
• The 3.8-metre wide concrete-lined tunnel, was
formerly used to house the Large Electron–
Positron Collider till 2007 (LHC took over from
LEP after 2007)
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 Construction Design
• The collider tunnel has two adjacent parallel beam pipes
that intersect at four points, each containing a proton
beam, which travel in opposite directions around the
ring.
• 1,232 dipole magnets keep the beams on their circular
path, while an additional 392 quadrupole magnets are
used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize
the chances of interaction between the particles in the
four intersection points, where the two beams will cross.
• In total, over 1,600 superconducting magnets are
installed, with most weighing over 27 tonnes.

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 Construction Design
• Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is
needed to keep the magnets at their
operating temperature of 1.9 K (−271.25 °C),
making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility
in the world at liquid helium temperature.
• In addition collider’s surface buildings hold
ancillary equipment such as compressors,
ventilation equipment, control electronics
and refrigeration plants
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 Operation
• Superconductivity technology has allowed a
considerable increase in performance while at the same
time reducing the power consumption.
• The LHC makes maximum use of the LEP tunnel and
CERN’s existing accelerator complex.
• The two beams of protons or heavy ions go in opposite
directions inside two ultra-high vacuum tubes which
cross at four places.
• It is at these intersection points that the detectors of the
experiments, ATLAS, ALICE, CMS and LHCb will observe
collisions.
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 Project Management Skills
• Simplified list of project milestones shows that it took ten years of
studies and technological R&D as prerequisite to get the project
approved, followed by a decade of effective construction, before its
commissioning, operation and later upgrades spreading over an
expected lifetime of some twenty years [time span exceeds that of
a professional career, and several generations of scientists and
engineers are already collaborating on the project]

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 Project Management Skills
• LHC also exhibits much higher complexity and intricacy
among its different technical systems, some of which
highly critical, that upon completion will be difficult to
access and service inside the machine cryostats
• Funding and manpower resources are comparatively
scarce for an endeavour of this size, and the pressure on
the project engineers is consequently high
• Technical components for the accelerator are designed
and constructed world wide, often using diverse forms
of industrial know-how and regional standards, before
being received and installed at CERN
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 Materials
• 1200 metric tonnes of superconductors for high-field Nb-Ti
superconducting magnets
• 80 metric tons of plastic material, called scintillators (which glow when
charged particles pass through it). Used in the shape of tiles to form a part
of the detector called the hadronic calorimeter to measure the energy of
particles emerging from collisions between LHC protons
• 80,000 blocks of Lead Tungstate (PbWO 4) crystals for a total volume of
11 m3 and a weight of 90 metric tons [This meant substantially increasing
world’s production rate over a 5 year timescale]
• Biggest superconducting solenoid magnet with the highest field and stored
energy ever (6 meters dia & 13 meters long) to generate a field of 4 Tesla
=> energy stored will be 2.5 Giga Joules, enough to melt 18 metric tons of
gold.
• 15,000,000 individual electronics channels for CMS detector alone,
controlled by powerful computers to readout information from the detector

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 FINANCES
• Budget – $ 9 billion.

• One of the most expensive scientific instruments

ever built.
• Costs - $ 4.4 billion (Accelerator)
$ 1.1 billion (CERN’s contribution to R&D)
• Direct Total Cost - $ 2.1 billion (The Collider)
$ 575 million (Detectors)

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 FINANCES
• Total Cost shared by CERN’s 20 Member States,
chiefly from its Six member Nations.
Contributions of CERN nations (in $ US millions)
1319.54

1018.19
975.71

763.98

565.52 531

317.94
199.79

Germany France United Kingdom Italy Spain Netherlands Switzerland USA

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 FINANCES
• Budget approved in 1995 - $ 2.6 billion (accelerator )
$ 0.2 billion (CERN Research)
• Completion date pushed from 2005 to 2007
• Review in prices of Superconducting Magnets to the
tune of $ 2.5 billion
• Engineering Delays in making underground cavern
for Compact Muon Solenoid
• Cost on replacing faulty parts provided by Fermilab

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 FINANCES
• Leading Attributes for Review of Costs
• Cost overruns
• Reduction in CERN Budget

• Cost – cutting measure :

Run The Large Hadron Collider only in
Summers with lower electricity costs and
save costs in Winters.

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 POWER CONSUMPTION

• It is around 120 MW (230 MW for all CERN)

• Assuming an average of 270 working days
for the accelerator (the machine will not
work in the winter period), the estimated
yearly energy consumption of the LHC in
2009 is about 800 000 MWh.
• The total yearly cost for running the LHC is
therefore, about 19 million Euros.
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 INTERESTING FACTS
The largest machine in the world.
The fastest racetrack on the planet.
The emptiest space in the Solar System.
The hottest spots in the galaxy, but even
colder than outer space.
The biggest and most sophisticated
detectors ever built.
The most powerful supercomputer system
in the world.
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 Construction Accidents & Delays
• 25 October 2005 Technician dies when a crane load was accidentally
dropped
• 27 March 2007 A cryogenic magnet support broke during a pressure test
involving one of the LHC's inner triplet magnet assemblies [Repairing
the broken magnet and reinforcing the eight identical assemblies used
by LHC delayed the startup date, then planned for November 2007]
• 19 September 2008 Electrical fault in the bus between magnets caused a
rupture and a leak of six tonnes of liquid helium, during powering
tests of the main dipole circuit. The explosion also contaminated the
proton tubes with soot [The operation was delayed for several
months]
• July 2009 Two vacuum leaks were identified [The start of operations
was further postponed to mid-November 2009]

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Are The LHC Collisions Dangerous??

• Unprecedented energy collisions?

• Mini big bangs?
• Black holes?
• Strangelets?

• What Was Done??

– Two CERN-commissioned safety reviews examined these
concerns and concluded that the experiments at the LHC present
no danger and that there is no reason for concern, a conclusion
expressly endorsed by the American Physical Society
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Questions ? ? ?

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