PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC DEVICES
Types of ASICs
Overview:
What are PLD’S
Types of PLD’S
Solving a Boolean function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
What Is A Programmable Logic Device
(PLD)?
An IC that contains large no. of
gates,flipflops and registers that are
interconnected on the chip.
Can be configured by the user to perform
logic function.
Many of the connections are fusible links
that can be broken.
PL devices are ultimately “hardware”,
but programmed like software.
Problems Of Using Standard IC In
Logic Design:
Require hundreds or thousands of
these IC’s.
Required a considerable amount of
circuit board space.
Require a great deal of time and
cost ,soldering and testing.
Advantages Of PLD’S
Less board space (Remove a couple of the
7400-series TTL parts).
Lower power requirement.
Faster and less costly assembly process.
Fewer IC and circuit connection thus more
reliable
Design inside the chip is flexible (a change
in logic doesn't require any rewiring).
Basic Ideas Of PLD:-
Consists of an array of AND gates and an
array of OR gates.
Each input feeds both a non inverting buffer
and an inverting buffer to produce original
and inverted form of each variable.
The AND outputs are called product lines.
Each product line is connected to one of the
inputs of each OR gate.
General structure of PLDs
TYPES OF PLD’S
•SPLDs (Simple Programmable Logic Devices)
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
PLA (Programmable Logic Array)
PAL (Programmable Array Logic)
GAL (Generic Array Logic)
•CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device)
•FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array)
SPLD’S
The first three varieties are quite
similar to each other:
They all have an input connection
matrix, which connects the inputs of the
device to an array of AND-gates.
They all have an output connection
matrix, which connect the outputs of the
AND-gates to the inputs of OR-gates
which drive the outputs of the device.
SPLD’S
The differences between the first three
categories are these:
In a ROM, the input connection matrix is
hardwired. The user can modify the output
connection matrix.
In a PAL/GAL the output connection matrix is
hardwired. The user can modify the input
connection matrix.
In a PLA the user can modify both the input
connection matrix and the output connection
matrix.
TABULAR REPRESENTATION
ROM
Read Only Memories (ROM) or
Programmable Read Only Memories (PROM)
have:
N input lines,
M output lines, and
2N decoded minterm.
Fixed AND array with 2N outputs
implementing all N-literal minterms.
Programmable OR Array with M outputs
lines to form up to M sum of minterm
expressions.
ROM
A program for a ROM or PROM is simply a
multiple-output truth table
If a 1 entry, a connection is made to the
corresponding minterm for the
corresponding output
If a 0, no connection is made
Can be viewed as a memory with the inputs
as addresses of data (output values), hence
ROM or PROM names!
PROM Notation
Using a PROM for logic
design
do d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7
(a) Truth table (b)PROM realization
Advantages of PROM
non-volatile program stores for
minicomputers and microprocessors
Used to store permanently.
Disadvantage of PROM
It is one time programmable
non volatile memory.
Applications Of PROM
PROMs are useful for many purposes
In code conversion.
In many electronic equipments like
washing machines and microwave
oven etc.
Programmable Array Logic
Only AND gates are
programmable.
OR gates are not programmable.
High performance at lower cost
and size.
Consisted of small PROM.
Programming by blowing fuses.
(a)Before programming (b)After programming
EXAMPLE 1:-
PROBLEM:-Implement the following
function using PAL:-
W=A+BD+BC
X = B C'
Y=B+C
Z = A'B'C'D + B C D + A D' + B' C D'
Programmed PAL: 4 product terms per each OR gate
A B C D
A
BD
BC
BC
B
C
0
ABCD
BCD
AD
BCD
W X Y Z
Advantages Of PAL
Some PALs have outputs that can be
complemented, adding POS functions
No multilevel circuit implementations in
ROM (without external connections from
output to input). PAL has outputs from
OR terms as internal inputs to all AND
terms, making implementation of multi-
level circuits easier.
Disadvantage Of PAL
ROM guaranteed to implement any M
functions of N inputs.
PAL may have too few inputs to the
OR gates.
One time programmable (reused after
its initial programming).
Programmable Logic Array
Programmable AND and OR gate
array.
Similar to ROM but don’t provide
complete decoding.
Boolean function are implemented in
SOP form.
Size of PLA depends on no. of
inputs,no. of product terms,[Link]
outputs.
EXAMPLE 2:-
Problem: Implement the following
functions using a PLA:-
F0 = A + B' C'
F1 = A C' + A B
F2 = B' C' + A B
F3 = B' C + A
PLA With Three Input And Four
Output:
Product Inputs Outputs
term A B C F0 F1 F2 F3
AB 1 1 - 0 1 1 0
BC - 0 1 0 0 0 1 Reuse
AC 1 - 0 0 1 0 0 of
terms
BC - 0 0 1 0 1 0
A 1 - - 1 0 0 1
Example Continued All possible connections are available
before programming
A B C
F0 F1 F2 F3
Example Continued
A B C
Unwanted connections are "blown"
AB
/BC
A /C
/B /C
F0 F1 F2 F3
Advantages Of PLA
Advantages
A PLA can have large N and M permitting
implementation of equations that are
impractical for a ROM (because of the number
of inputs, N, required
A PLA has all of its product terms
connectable to all outputs, overcoming the
problem of the limited inputs to the PAL Ors
Some PLAs have outputs that can be
complemented, adding POS functions
Applications Of PLA
in implementing random logic
networks
data routing
code converters
instruction decoders
state sequences
and a variety of other function