Lecture 2
Structural System Overview
CVEN 444 -Structural Concrete Design
January 15, 2003
Presentation Overview
1. RC structural systems
2. RC structural members
3. Advantages and disadvantages of
concrete structures
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One-Way Joist Floor System
Rib (joist) slab : (One-way bending)
2D gravity or
lateral frames
2D lateral frames
Floor joists, type
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One-Way Joist Floor System
Rib (joist) slab with beams: (One-way bending)
Lateral space frame
Floor joists, type
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One-Way Joist Floor System
Typical Joist
Top of Slab
8-24” for 30” Modules
16-24” for 53” Modules
1:12 Slope, type 14-24” for 66” Modules .
Width varies
4”, 6” or larger • 2’ or 3’ cc. – Joists
• 4’ or 6’ cc. – Skip joists
• 5’ or 6’ cc – Wide-module joists
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One-Way Joist Floor System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids
Good vibration resistance
Typical Applications:
Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
For 30” modules, 35’ – 40’ spans
For 53” & 66” modules, 35’ – 50’ spans
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Two-Way Joist Floor System
Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)
2D lateral frames
Waffle pans, type
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Two-Way Joist Floor System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
Good vibration resistance
Attractive Ceiling
Typical Applications:
Long spans with heavy loading
For 3’, 4’, and 5’ modules, 40’ – 50’ spans and beyond
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Floor System Effective Cost
(PCA 2000)
100
Live Load, psf
Flat Plate Flat Slab One-way joist
50
25 30 35 50
Bay Spacing, ft
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B. Lateral Load Systems
Frame Overview
Flat plate (& slab)-column (w/ and w/o
drop panels and/or capitals) frame
systems
Beam-column frame systems
Shear wall systems (building frame and
bearing wall)
Dual systems (frames and shear walls)
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Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or slab)
and column elements dominated by flexural
deformation
Planar (2D) Space (3D)
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Basic Behavior
Gravity Load Lateral Loading
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2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan)
2 or 4 frames , 2 frames 4 frames , 4 frames
Floor joists, type
Planar Space
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Frame Advantages
Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office
buildings, retail, parking structures where open space
is required.
Relatively simple and experienced construction
process
Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction
(less than about 20 stories)
In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced
concrete.
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Frame Disadvantages
Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral
deflections generally control the design process for
buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note
that concrete frames are about 8 times stiffer than
steel frames of the same strength.
Span lengths are limited when using normal
reinforced concrete (generally less than about 40 ft,
but up to about 50 ft). Span lengths can be
increased by using pre-stressed concrete.
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Frame Lateral Load Systems
Flat plate-column frame: Effective
slab width
Plan Elevation
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Frame Lateral Load Systems
Beam-column frame:
Elevation
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Frame Lateral Load Systems
Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the
lateral load resisting system
Lateral load
frame, type.
Plate element
Deformed shape
-Lateral load distributes
to frames proportional
to tributary area
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Frame Lateral Load Systems
For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally
considered rigid
Space frame with
square plan
Deformed shape has constant
lateral displacement - No
diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral
load distributes to frame
proportional to frame stiffness
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Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations
generally govern
Elevation
Interior gravity
frames
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Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Elevator shaft configuration
Gravity frames
Shear walls
Hole
Coupling beams
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Dual Lateral Load Systems
Wall-Frame Dual System:
Lateral frames –
25% of lateral
load, minimum
Hole
Shear walls
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4. Structural Members
Beams
Columns
Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
Walls/diaphragms
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Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
L V
M M
V E,I,A
Elastic Properties:
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)
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Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and
axial L V
F F
M V E,I,A M
Elastic Properties:
ka = EA/L (axial) a = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) b = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)
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Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending &
shear
z
y
Mx, My, and Vz
x
x, y, and z
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Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear
y
Vx and Vx
x
x and y
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Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Economical
Thinner floor systems Reduced Building Height
Lower wind loads
(< A) Saving in
Cladding
Materials widely available
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Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Suitability of material for architectural
and structural function
Concrete place in plastic condition - desired
shape & texture can be obtained with
forms and finishing techniques
Designer can choose shape and size
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Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Fire Resistance
Concrete building have 1-3 hour fire rating
with no fire proofing (steel and timber
require fireproofing to obtain this rating)
Rigidity
Greater stiffness & mass reduces
oscillations (wind), floor vibrations
(walking)
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Advantages of Concrete
Structures
Low Maintenance
Availability of Materials
Sand, gravel, cement, H20 & concrete
mixing facilities widely available
Reinforcement - easy to transport as
compared to structural
steel
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Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Low tensile strength -
~ 0.1 fc cracking if not properly
reinforced
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Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Forms and Shoring (additional steps)
Construction of forms
Removal of forms
Prepping (or shoring) the new concrete to
support weight until strength is adequate.
Labor/Materials cost not required for other
types of materials
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Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Strength per unit volume is relatively
low.
fc ~ (5-10% of steel)
greater volume required
long spans typical built with steel
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Disadvantages of Concrete
Structures
Time-dependent volume changes
Concrete & steel undergo similar expansion
and contraction.
Concrete undergoes drying shrinkage,
which may cause deflections and cracking.
Creep of concrete under sustained loads
causes an increase in deflection with time.
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