Base Station Cooperation
By
Diversity Technique
Prepared by:Syed Asim Raza Zaidi
Student ID:000542700
Supervised by:Dr. Yifan Chen
Presentation Outline
Wireless communication.
Fading.
Rayleigh and Ricean fading
Fading Mitigation Techniques.
Diversity and types.
Special or Antenna Diversity.
Receiver Diversity SIMO.
Selection Combining.
Selection Combining Block Diagram.
Outage Probability (Matlab Result).
Average SNR Output(Matlab Result).
Summary.
Wireless communication
Transmission of Radio Waves in space without any wired media
referred to as wireless communication.
Propagation of radio waves can have some kind of distortion in
the channel like,fading,Interference, noise and data loss.
Most popular wireless application is cellular system.
Three main components of cellular system are:
Base transceiver station.
Channel.
Mobile station.
Fading
Temporary failure of the signal is called fading.
Fading is a random process.
Fading may vary with time,frequeny and geo. positions.
There are two types of fading.
Small Scale fading.
is occurred as the mobile moves over distance of a
few wavelength.
Large scale fading.
is caused by the shadowing or the terrestrial
conditions.
Rayleigh and Rician Fading
Rayleigh fading is applicable when there is no Line of Sight.
Signals are coming via multipath after Scattering.
Multipath effect include constructive and destructive
interference, and phase shifting of the signal, causes Rayleigh
fading.
Rician fading occurs when one of the paths, typically a Line
of Sight is much stronger than the others.
Fading Mitigation Technique
Equalization Technique.
To eliminate the Inter Symbol Interference over a wireless channel.
Diversity Reception.
To mitigate the fading effect of multiple receiving independent signals.
Diversity can be done by Space, Time ,Frequency and Polarization. Space
diversity will be discussed later.
Rack receiver.
improve the performance of wideband system such as CDMA.
Diversity and Types
Use multipath to the advantage of the Rx rather than just
combat it.
Diversity takes the independent signal paths, which are
highly uncorrelated.
Diversity improve the SNRs substantially as much as 20
to 30 dB.
Decision made by the receiver is not necessarily known by
the transmitter
There are two types of diversity in general.
Receiver diversity.
Transmitter diversity.
Spatial or Antenna Diversity
Antennas are separated several of wave length to ensure
[Link] are four types of spatial diversity.
Selection Diversity.
Feedback Diversity.
Maximum Ratio Combining.
Equal Gain Combining.
Receiver Diversity SIMO
Receiver diversity is most applicable technique in cellular
system.
Transmit uplink Diversity is not possible because Mobile
size is small as compare to ½ of wavelength(λ).
Antenna separation should be more than several of wave
length to ensure the uncorrelation of signal.
This is also called Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO).
Cellular Architecture and Diversity
combining
User at cell edge
BS
COMBINER
BSC
BS
Physical or wireless
connection
MSC BS
Scattered Signals from
mobile station
BS
Selection Combining
Select the branch with highest SNR.
Convenient way to implement.
S.C requires only monitoring and switching system on
receiver.
Reduce Outage Probability.
Mitigate the fading problem.
Can be used in handoff.
Selection Combiner
signal 1 Chart Title
Receiver
signal 2
1
.
.
. Receiver 2 Output
.
. . Logic
.
.
. Circuit
signal M .
.
Receiver
M
Outage probability:
Average combiner SNR:
Outage probability
0utage Probability of 3-antenna diversity
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Outage probability(Po)
0.5 m=1 m=2 m=3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Normalised snr
Combiner Output
Selection combining M-antenna Diversity gain
350
300
250
C o m b in in g G a in
200
150
No diversity
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of Reciever antennas
Summary
Project provide a thorough knowledge of:
propagation.
Distortion and attenuation related to distance and shadowing of
objects.
Different fading mitigation techniques.
Working principle of base stations.
Different handover techniques and selection combining.
Advantages of selection combining including; reduction in outage
probability, substantial SNR gain and simplicity of implementation.
ANY QUESTIONS