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Understanding Inductive Effect in Chemistry

The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

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Harish Harsha
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170 views10 pages

Understanding Inductive Effect in Chemistry

The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

Uploaded by

Harish Harsha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

INDUCTIVE EFFECT

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Introduction:

Definition: The polarization of a σ bond due to electron withdrawing or electron


donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is calledinductive effect
Salient features of inductive effect
 * It arises due to electronegativity difference between two atoms forming a
sigma bond.
 * It is transmitted through the sigma bonds.
 * The magnitude of inductive effect decreases while moving away from the
groups causing it.
 * It is a permanent effect.
 * It influences the chemical and physical properties of compounds.
ILLUSTRATION OF INDUCTIVE EFFE

 The C-Cl bond in the butyl chloride, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl is polarized


due to electronegativity difference. The electrons are withdrawn by the
chlorine atom. Thus the first carbon atom gets partial positive charge.
In turn, this carbon atom drags electron density partially from the next
carbon, which also gets partial positive charge. Thus the inductive
effect is transmitted through the carbon chain.

 But the inductive effect weakens away along the chain and is not
significant beyond 3rd carbon atom.
TYPES OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

Negative inductive effect (-I):


Positive inductive effect (+I)
Negative inductive effect (-I):
The electron withdrawing nature of groups or atoms is called as negative
inductive effect. It is indicated by -I. Following are the examples of groups
in the decreasing order of their -I effect:
NH3+ > NO2 > CN > SO3H > CHO > CO > COOH > COCl > CONH2 > F >
Cl > Br > I > OH > OR > NH2 > C6H5 > H
2) Positive inductive effect (+I):
It refers to the electron releasing nature of the
groups or atoms and is denoted by +I. Following are
the examples of groups in the decreasing order of
their +I effect.
C(CH3)3 > CH(CH3)2 > CH2CH3 > CH3 > H
 Why alkyl groups are showing positive inductive effect?
 Though the C-H bond is practically considered as non-polar, there is
partial positive charge on hydrogen atom and partial negative charge
on carbon atom. Therefore each hydrogen atom acts as electron
donating group. This cumulative donation turns the alkyl moiety into an
electron donating group.
APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

 Stability of carbonium ions:


 The stability of carbonium ions increases with increase in number of
alkyl groups due to their +I effect. The alkyl groups release electrons
to carbon, bearing positive charge and thus stabilizes the ion.
 The order of stability of carbonium ions is :
Basic strength of amines: The electron donating groups like
alkyl groups increase the basic strength of amines whereas
the electron withdrawing groups like aryl groups decrease
the basic nature. Therefore alkyl amines are stronger Lewi
bases than ammonia, whereas aryl amines are weaker than
ammonia.
Thus the order of basic strength of alkyl and aryl amines
with respect to ammonia is :CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2
Reactivity of carbonyl compounds:
The +I groups increase the electron density at carbonyl carbon. Hence
their reactivity towards nucleophiles decreases. Thus formaldehyde is
more reactive than acetaldehyde and acetone towards nucleophilic
addition reactions.
Thus the order of reactivity follows:

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