Gro
Rupt
und
By:
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Group 3
Earthquakes originate at depth by the sudden motion of
blocks of the lithosphere.
This motion occurs along lithospheric breaks called
Fault Ground rupture is an offset of the ground surface when
fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.
Normal Faults
3 TYPES OF
FAULTS Thrust Faults
Strike-Slip Faults
Natural
Faults
-form when the hanging wall drops down.
-involves mainly downward movement of the
ground across the fault called the hanging wall
- the block of rock that lies above an inclined
fault or an ore body. the forces that create
normal faults are pulling the sides apart, or
extensional.
Thrust
Faults
-form when the hanging wall moves up.
-involves mainly upward movement of the hanging
wall.
-the forces creating reverse faults are compressional,
pushing the sides together.
In any types of faulting,opposite block simply slide
past each other (in plan or section view) along the
fault plane. No opening involved.
Strike-
Slip
Faults
-involves
ground.
a dominantly horizontal shifting of the
-have walls that move sideways, not up or down.
-the two types of strike- slip our distinguished
from each other by the sense of motion of part of
the ground located on opposite the side of the
fault, which is either left-lateral or right-lateral
Ground
Rupture
-Are earthquake faults that have reached the surface
-No opening or fissuring happens during movement of the fault, so it
should remain closed.
Earthquake-generating faults may propagate to form
ground ruptures. Other faults are called blind if their
ruptures do not reach the surface.
Faulting tends to occur along zone of weakness such as
old or pre-existing faults , fractures ( or breaks not
involving slip ), or along bedding
Active
Faulting
As plates positions and stress directions change, younger faults are form
but many of the older faults are reactive when the applied stress is large
enough to overcome resistance along faults plane.
Such faults are called active as they have been found to moves under
current stress and have caused earthquakes during historical
times and in the recent geological past.
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake
sometime in the future.
Active faulting is considered to be a geologic hazard - one related to earthquakes
as a cause. Effects of movement on an active fault include strong ground motion,
surface faulting, tectonic deformation, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction,
tsunamis, and seiches.
Active faults tend to occur in the vicinity of tectonic plate boundaries.
Factors
Affecting the
Characteristic
of Ground
There are various factors which control the general nature and character of faulting.
Some of these factors are specifically more relevant to the assessment of ground rupture
hazard. These determine how long ground ruptures are, how and by how much the earth's
surface breaks along ground rupture, and whether deformation is limited along the narrow
fault trace or affects a wider zone. The most basic issues that must be addressed to
appreciate the danger which ground ruptures bring. These factors include the type of fault
movement (reverse, normal, or strike-slip) and the inclination of the fault plane.
The type of faulting partly depends on the steepness of the fault plane.
Thrust faults are more gently inclined.
Factors such as the depth and nature of sedimentary materials overlying
the bedrock fault may determine the pattern of surface fault traces. Soft
sediments usually host patterned ground rupture rather than single fault
traces. Whether a ground rupture occurs along a narrow, distinct zone or
not is also determined by the degree of activity of the fault.
Well-established active faults tend to develop more distinct of
ground ruptures while the most recently developed ones formed
wider, less distinct deformation zones.
Measures to
Minimize the
Effects of Ground
Ruptures
Local government units, other government agencies, business entities, NGOs, and
homonen may access available detailed maps of local active faults from
PHIVOLCS, Such maps can be used in formulating local and national
legislation measures to minimize the effects of ground rupture.
Although displacement is concentrated along the main trace of ground rupture, the
area surrounding it may also be subjected to deformation. Motion
Along the main trace involves horizontal or vertical displacement or a
combination of both.