Graduation Project II

By:
1. Faraj Ghanem.
Under supervision of:
2. Mohammad Fahmawi.
Dr. Abdul Razzaq Touqan
[Link] Khalil.
2017 1
1 Project description.

2 Seismic Design Parameters.

3 Check for Structural Irregularities.

4 Structural System Type.

5 Preliminary Evaluation.
.
6 Frame analysis by direct design method
.
7 Three Dimensional Structural Analysis.

8 ETABS Model Checks.

.
2
 This school is located in Jerusalem.

This school consists of:

Second, Third and Fourth Floor

Mezzanine

First Floor

Basement 3
 Tile (𝛾 = 26kN/𝑚3 )

Block (𝛾 =12 kN/𝑚3 )

Reinforcement
steel Non Aggregate
Structural Structural
(𝛾 =20 kN/𝑚3 )
Concrete Plaster
(𝛾 = 23 kN/𝑚3 )
Concrete Mortar
(𝛾 = 23kN/𝑚3 )

4
The Codes used in this project are the following :

1 ACI 318-14 (American Concrete Institute).

2 IBC2015 (International Building Code).

3 ASCE-7 (2010).

5
 Super Impose
Dead Load
Live Load
Slab Own
Weight of
Brick Wall Weight
First Floor and Mezzanine (3 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )
(3 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )
First Floor
(3 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ) (6. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )
Classes Mezzanine
(3 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ) (4 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )

Corridors Corridors and Classes

(4 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ) (4 .5𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )

Roof
(2 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ) Roof (2 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )
6
Risk Category

7
SDS = 0.48

SD1= 0.32
SM1 =
S1 x FV =
SMS = 0.32
SS x Fa = Fv = 1.6 Seismic
0.48 Design
Importance
Fa = 1.2 Factor, Category
I = 1.25 (D)
SS =
2.5 x Z Site Class
= 0.4 (C)
Seismic
Zone
S1 = Factor,
1.25 x Z Z = 0.16
= 0.2

8
9
 1a. Torsional Irregularity
1b. Extreme Torsional Irregularity

In x-direction :

10
 1a. Torsional Irregularity
1b. Extreme Torsional Irregularity

In y-direction :

11
 [Link] Corner Irregularity

3. Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity

12
4. Out-of-Plane Offset Irregularity.

13
5. Nonparallel System Irregularity

14
1a. Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity

1b. Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story Irregularity

15
 In x-direction :

In y-direction :

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2. Weight (Mass) Irregularity

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 1 4604.51
= ∗ 100 % = 401%
𝑀𝑒𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 1145.92
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 2 5283.92
= ∗ 100 % = 461%
𝑀𝑒𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 1145.92 17
 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

4. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force-Resisting

Element Irregularity
18
5a. Discontinuity in Lateral Strength–Weak Story Irregularity.
5b. Discontinuity in Lateral Strength–Extreme Weak Story Irregularity.

19
After all the problems of irregularity in the building, a decision
was made to change the architectural shape in order to avoid
these.

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 The new plan for all stories

Area = 251.23 m2

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22
Selected slab system:

The selected system was two – way solid slab.

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Slab thickness calculated based on the
critical span

11.43
ℎ Solid = = 0.285 𝑚 , take it 300mm.
40

24
 1 Beams distribution

 For all floors the Beam distribution is

shown:

25
 2 Beams dimensions

In X-direction the critical beam is one end continuous

In Y-direction the critical beam is simply supported

26
 In x-direction :

 H beam = 6.98 /18.5 = 380 mm, take it 600 mm.

 B beam = 6.98 / 20 = 350 mm, take it 400 mm.

27
 In y-direction :

 H beam = 11.43/16 = 710 mm , take it 900 mm.

 B beam = 11.43/(20 ) = 570 mm , take it 600 mm.

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 1 Columns distribution

 For all floors the distribution is

shown:

29
 2 Dimension of column

The chosen column is that lies on the intersection of

gridlines C9, which has a tributary area equal 33.41𝑚2
Own weight of the column will be assumed to be 5% of
the total load.

Pu = 1.05( ultimate dead loads + ultimate live loads)

= 1.05 × (2210.63 + 748.39) = 3106.97 kN

Assume:
ρ = 0.01 ,So As = 0.01 Ag
3106.97× 103 = 0.65 × 0.8 (0.85 × 24 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.01 𝐴𝑔)
+ 420 × 0.01 𝐴𝑔)
𝑆𝑜, 𝐴𝑔 = 244914.91mm2
𝐴𝑔 = 494.88 mm.
Use a square column with 500mm x 500mm.
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 Shear wall distribution

 For all floors the distribution

was:

31
 Shear wall checks

 For all floors the distribution was: For axial capacity,

from ACI318-14 code, the axial capacity of the wall is
given by the following equation:
Pu on shear wall = load from slaps + own weight
Turbidly area for the shear wall = 3.345*9.9= 33.3 m2
Load on slab = 16 kN /m.
Pu = 16*33.3*5 + 0.25*9.46*17.84*25
= 3774.54 kN.
32
 Shear wall checks
KLc 2
 ∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.55∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔[1- ]
32h
Where:
K: Effective length factor from ACI 318-14 table [Link], take K = 0.8.
Lc: Maximum vertical length of wall from center to center of joints. = 3.8 m
∅: 0.7.
𝑓𝑐′=24
h:wall thickness = 0.25 m .
Ag: cross section area = 9.96*1000*width of the wall(0.25) = 249,000 mm2

0.8∗3.82 2
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.7*0.55*24*0.25*9.96*1000(1-(( ) ) = 19650 kN.
32∗0.25
So Pu < ∅𝑃𝑛 … ok
33
34
Drawing structural
Structural system type
model

Compatibility Base shear by ELM

External equilibrium Mass participation ratio

Internal equilibrium Checks Base shear by

Response Spectrum

Slab shear Slab deflection

Fundamental period Drift

35
1 Drawing structural model

36
 2 Compatibility

All structural members are moving as one unit.

37
 3 External equilibrium

All loads on the structure and reactions are same.

Manual ETABS
Load type results (kN) results (kN) Difference %
Live 4430.28 4432.66 0.05
Dead 18229.76 18023.44 1.13
SD 5623.44 5627.01 0.06
Wall 2297.55 2297.99 0.02

38
 4.a Internal equilibrium ( for frame )

Make a check on third floor slab for SD load (WSD = 4.5 kN/m2 )

 By Hand:

W∗Ln2 ∗L2 4.5∗10.042 ∗6.34

Mo = = = 359.48 kN.m
8 8

 From ETABS:

(172.5+172.2)
Mo = + 177.2 = 349.55 kN.m
2

 Difference % = 2.7 % < 10% then OK. 39

 4.b Internal equilibrium ( for column)

Make a check on column(gridlines E7) for SD

 By Hand:

P SD = W SD * Tributary area * No. of stories

P SD = (3* 33.41* 1) + (4.5* 33.41* 3)

+(1.5* 33.41* 1) = 601.38 kN
 From ETABS:

P SD = 567.00 kN
 Difference% = 5.6 % < 10 % then OK. 40
 5.a Slab shear (V13)

1
ФVc = Ф ∗ ∗ f`c ∗ bw ∗ d
6
1 260
= 0.75 ∗ ∗ 24 ∗ 1000 ∗
6 1000
= 159.2 kN/m
 Colors indicate that no shear value
in x-direction more than shear
capacity of slab.

41
 5.a Slab shear (V23)

 ФVc = 159.2 kN/m

 Colors indicate that no shear value

in y-direction more than shear
capacity of slab.
.

42
 6 Fundamental period

Code:
Ta = Ct (hn)x
= 0.0466(17.84)0.9
= 0.623 sec
 Upper limit of period = Cu*Ta
=1.4*0.623
= 0.872 sec
ETABS:

 Fundamental period = 0.648 sec<0.872 sec

43
 7 Structural system type

Building frame system (special reinforced concrete shear walls).

R=6

𝜴𝒐 = 2.5

Cd = 5

44
 8 Base shear by ELM
By Hand:

 V = Cs * W
Where: W: effective seismic wieght (Dead load
+ SD + Wall load) = 25948.41 kN
Cs : siesmic response coefficent = 0.10
V = 2594.84 kN

By ETABS:

V = 2505.95 kN
Difference % = 3 % OK
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 8 Mass participation ratio

ASCE7-10 states ” The analysis shall include a sufficient number of modes to obtain a combined modal mass
participation of at least 90 percent of actual mass in each of orthogonal horizontal directions of response considered
by the model”.

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 9 Base shear by Response Spectrum

Input data of Response Spectrum

47
9 Base shear by Response Spectrum

Results of current dynamic analysis Results of modified dynamic analysis

48
 10 Slab deflection

Make a check on fifth slab in critical panel.

Δ Allowable = L / 240 = 10540/240 = 43.92 mm

Δ Long term = ΔL+ (λ∞ × ΔD) + (λt × ΔSL)

= 38.2 mm < 43.92 mm

Thickness of slab is suitable.

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11 Drift

In x-direction :

In y-direction :

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51
 Slabs

Beams

Shear walls

Design columns

Footings

Stairs

52
 1 Slabs Design
 The ultimate minimum moment in both direction X and Y
 Flexural Capacity for slab:
𝑎  depth of slap (H)=300 mm
∅M = As × 𝑓𝑦 × (d − )
2
 width of slap section (B)= 1000 mm.
 Reinforcement Ratio of steel (𝜌):
2.61𝑀𝑢  effective depth of the slap (d) = 260 mm.
𝜌 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝐹𝑦 (1- 1− )
𝐵𝑑2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018.  As min = 0.0018 x 1000 x 300 = 540 mm2

 a = 540 × 4200.85 × 24 ×1000 = 11.18 mm.

540 × 420× (260 −11.182)

 ∅M = 6 = 57.7 kN.m 53
10
 In x-direction :M11

 For zone A : As = 5∅18mm.

 For zone B : As = 7∅18mm.

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Steel Detailing In x-direction

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 In y-direction :M22

 Use the minimum area of steel (5Ф12mm)

for the bottom and top steel in Y- direction.

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Steel Detailing In y-direction

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 3 Steel Detailing

 We use = Ф10/200 mm.

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Columns distribution

59
 Slenderness check

Code ACI318-14 permits to neglect the slenderness in braced columns if :

KLu M1
≤ 34 – 12
r M2
≤ 40

Where:
K: the effective length factor.
Lu: the unsupported height.
𝐼
r: the radius of gyration which equals to , where I is the moment of inertia and
𝐴
A is the area of the section.
M1: Smaller factored end moment on column.
M2: larger factored end moment on column. 60
 Slenderness check

 Check slenderness on column C5 in two direction

Assume k=1
Lu = 4m
r = 0.3h = 0.3*0.5 = 0.15m
KLu 1∗4
= 0.15 = 26.67
r
224.3
36.4 ≤ 34 – 12* −403.8 = 40.67
≤ 40
−54.3
36.4 ≤ 34 – 12* 78.5 = 42.30
≤ 40
 Neglect slenderness.

61
 Reinforcement percentages

 All values are permitted as ACI318-14.

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ACI requirements of columns

63
Summery of columns

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Detailing of column group C-1

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 1 Beams Design

 The negative ultimate moment on the section = 726.7 kN.m.

The positive ultimate moment on the section = 598.6 kN.m.
The ultimate shear force on the section = 683.2 kN/m.
(0.85∗24) 2.61∗(Mu)∗106
 ρ= (1- (1− 2 )
420 600∗(830) ∗24
 ρminimum = 0.0033

 Top area of steel = 5 Ø 25 mm.

Bottom area of steel = 4 Ø 25 mm.
Stirrups Ø 10 mm were used.

66
 1 Beams Design

 The ultimate shear force (Vu) obtained from ETABS =

683.2 kN/m.
By calculating the concrete capacity from :
1
 Ф𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 6 24 × 600 ∗ 830 = 305 kN/m

Vu > ФVc, so a shear reinforcement is required that calculation

as the following:
 Vs
683.2 = 0.75 × ( 305 +Vs )  Vs = 378.2 kN/m.
By substituting in
Av
= 1.085 > s , minimum (0.5 mm2 /mm).
𝐴𝑣 378.2 1000
=
𝑠 420∗830

 Stirrups Ø 10 mm were used. 67

2 Beams Detailing

68
2 Beams Detailing

69
 1 Shear wall design

Internal forces in shear wall:

Vu = 1064 kN
Mu = 7913.2 kN
Pn = 4972 kN

70
 For vertical shear reinforcement:

𝐴𝑙
= ρl × wall thickness = 0.0025 × 250 = 0.625 mm2 / mm.
𝑠
* S max = 450 mm.

 For two curtains (layers) of reinforcement with Ø 10 mm:

𝐴𝑣 2∗78.5
= = 0.625 , So S = 251.2 mm, ok.
𝑠 𝑠

use 2Ф10/250mm.

71
For horizontal shear reinforcement:

𝐴𝑡
= ρt × wall thickness = 0.0025 × 250 = 0.625 mm2 / mm.
𝑠
S max = 450 mm.

 For two curtains (layers) of reinforcement with Ø 10 mm:

𝐴𝑣 2∗78.5
= 2∗𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 0.625, So S = 251.2 mm, ok.
𝑠 𝑠

use 2Ф10/250mm.

72
 Special boundary elements check.

Special boundary elements are needed if the stress σ > 0.2 f'c
σ = 0.2 x 24= 4.8 MPa.
𝑃 𝑀𝐶
To compute stress from σ = +
𝐴 𝐼

Where:
𝑏ℎ3 250 × 99603
I: Moment of inertia equal = = 2.05 × 1013 mm2
12 12

C: Equal 0.5 × Lw = 0.5*9960 = 4980 mm

4972 × 103 7913 × 106 × 4980
So, σ = + = 3.89 Mpa. < 4.8 MPa, oK.
250 × 9960 2.05 × 1013

Therefore, there is no need for boundary elements. 73

 2 Steel Check

.
 For area of steel = Ф10/250 mm the
interaction diagram shown in the figure .

 The point intersection of ФPn and ФMn is

within the curve so use Ф10/250 mm

74
 Mat
Footing
Single Combined
Footing Footing

Wall
Piles
Footing

75
Mat Footing was selected

 Allowable bearing pressure is small q all = 200 kN /m2 .

 Area of single footings and wall footings in the base is more than
half ground floor area.
Pservice
Required area of footing = q all
30552.51
 Required area of footing = = 152.8 m2
200

 Area of basement = 277.31 m2

 Percentage between required area of footing and area of
basement equals 0.55, which is greater than 0.50.

76
77
 Pressure under footing check

σ max = 190.8 kN/m2

Qallowable = 200 kN/m2 >190.8 kN/m2 OK

78
 Punching shear check

2
ФVcp ≤ Ф ∗ 0.17(1 + β) f`c ∗ bo ∗ d
d∗αs
≤ Ф ∗ 0.083(2 + ) f`c ∗ bo ∗ d
bo
≤ Ф ∗ 0.333 ∗ f`c ∗ bo ∗ d

ФVcp = 2931 kN
Vup = Pu – A1 * σult
= 4104.3 – (1.27 *201.94)
= 3847.84 kN > 2931 kN, Not OK.

 Increase thickness to 800 mm

ФVcp = 4037 kN > 3847.84 kN, OK.
79
Shear V13 check

1
ФVc = Ф ∗ 6 ∗ f`c ∗ bw ∗ d
1 730
= 0.75 ∗ 6 ∗ 24 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1000
= 447 kN/m

Vu13 = 389.91 kN/m < 447 kN/m

Thickness is suitable in this direction.

80
Shear V23 check

ФVc = 447 kN/m

Vu23 = 404.69 kN/m < 447 kN/m

Thickness is suitable in this direction.

 No need for shear reinforcement.

81
Design mat footing (M11)

Other values are minimum steel.

ρ min = 0.0018
As min = 0.0018 *1000*800
= 1440 mm2 /m (6Ø18/m)

82
 Design mat footing (M22)

Other values are minimum steel.

ρ min = 0.0018
As min = 0.0018 *1000*800
= 1440 mm2 /m (6Ø18/m)

83
Section A-A in mat footing

84
 Check deflection
 Check shear
 Thickness of stair = 200 mm

 Design moment
M max = 27 kN.m

ρ = 0.00292 > ρmin

As = 0.00292 *1000*170
= 500 mm2 /m
Use 4Ø 14 /m
And so on.

85
Longitudinal section

86
Thank you