AIR
BUBBLE
SENSOR
GROUP 2
IZDIHAR AMMAR BIN JALALUDDIN
NUR ANINA ASMIRA BINTI ASMURI
NURUL NADIA BINTI MOHD REFAI’
DEFINITION
Consists of air Consists of a
A type of or inert gas hollow tube,
Indirect pipe/tube inserted in the
hydrostatic
method. immersed in liquid of a
pressure sensor.
the liquid. tank.
Receives back pressure of liquid from the sensor & converts it into an
electrical signal outputs.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Various materials can be used as the bubble tube such as stainless steel,
mild steel and PVC.
• Various gases can be used as the purging substance such as air, nitrogen.
A bubbler tube is immersed to the bottom of the vessel in which the liquid level is to be
measured. A gas is allowed to pass through the bubbler tube
When the tank is empty:
Gas pressure inside the bubbler tube (back pressure) = atmospheric pressure.
As a liquid level inside the tank increases, pressure exerted by the liquid at
WORKING the base of the tank and at the opening of the bubbler tube increases.
PRINCIPLE
The gas pressure in the bubbler tube will continue to increase until it just
balances the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid.
Back pressure in the bubbler tube is the same as hydrostatic pressure of the liquid
and it will remain constant until any change in the liquid in the liquid level occurs.
Any excess supply pressure will escape as bubble through the liquid. This back pressure
causes the pointer to move on a scale, calibrated in terms of liquid level.
ADVANTAGES
Pressure gauge can Suitable to be used
be placed above or for corrosive liquid,
below of the tank liquid contain
level and can be kept suspended objects,
as far away from the high viscosity liquids.
tank with the help of
piping.
Low initial purchase
cost ( only consist of
Simplicity of pipe, an air supply,
pressure transmitter,
design
differential pressure
regulator)
DISADVANTAGES
Periodically cleaned
design because the tip
of the pipe can collect
material from the
process, solidify and
plug the hole.
APPLICATIONS
ULTRASONIC
SENSOR
GROUP 2
IZDIHAR AMMAR BIN JALALUDDIN
NUR ANINA ASMIRA BINTI ASMURI
NURUL NADIA BINTI MOHD REFAI’
DEFINITION
Use the principle of reflection of The equipment include
One of indirect method. an acoustic wave from a liquid transmitter, transducer, time
to vapor plane or vice versa. interval counter.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Measurement can be accomplished without the liquid.
• There are no moving parts, so inspection and maintenance are easy.
• They are small and light, so installation and operation are easy.
A transducer which is a receiver that amplifies the returning pulse.
A transmitter that periodically sends a sound pulse to the surface from the
transducer.
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
A time interval counter that measures the time elapsing between the
transmission of a pulse and receipt of the corresponding pulse echo.
Sensor measure the time required for an ultrasonic wave emitted by a transducer and
reflected off the surface of the liquid to return to the transducer, thus determining the
liquid level.
The relationship between the liquid levels, speed of the ultrasonic wave
and time is given by :
2(L-H) = tu
L = distance from the minimum liquid level to the ultrasonic transducer, m
H = height of the liquid level, m
t = time between the emission of the signal and its subsequent reception
at the transducer, s
u = propagation velocity of the ultrasonic wave, m/s
ADVANTAGES
The transducer
does not come in A single top-side
contact with the tank penetration
process material makes leaks
and does not improbable.
contain any
moving parts.
DISADVANTAGES
Temperatur Ambient
e noises
Surface
Foam
turbulences
Various
influences
Heavy
Dust that affect vapors
the return
signal
APPLICATIONS