JAVA PROGRAMMING

Java is a general purpose, concurrent, class based, object oriented

programming languages that is specially designed to have as few
implementation dependencies possible.
It is intended to let application developers “write once run
anywhere” (WORA) meaning that code that runs on one platform
does not need to be recompiled to run on another.

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 PLATFORM
2

 Ex : windows + Intel,
Linux + atom.

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 JVM and JAVA PROCESS:
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Resource – machine, memory, time allocation

Process – program in execution (VLC player, Antivirus, programs)

Java process – java compiler produced from source code to byte code,
but machine can read only machine code, that’s why java developers
developed by one virtual machine that machine called JVM(Java
Virtual Machine).

When you installed jdk(java development kit) that includes java virtual
machine

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 JDK and JRE
4

JRE = JVM + LIB

JDK = JRE + Development tools

JDK = JVM + LIB + Development tools

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 COMPARE JAVA AND OTHER PROCESS
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C language – Compiler – Source code to Machine code

Java Language – Compiler – Source to Class file - Class file to m/c code

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 JVM
6

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 JVM WORKS
7

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 INTERPRETER
8

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 How to see class file and source file
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Workspace/ project name/bin/.class file (after compilation)

Workspace/ project name/src/.java file ( before and after compilation)

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 JVM COMPONENTS
10

Editor – To type your program into a notepad or IDE (eclipse, net beans)
Compiler – To convert your high level language program into native
machine code
Linker – To combine different program files reference in your main
program together
Loader – to load the files from your secondary storage device like HDD,
CD, and Flash drive into RAM for execution, the loading is automatically
done when you execute your code.
Execution – Actual execution of the code, which is handled by your OS
and Processor with this background.

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 Java vs. other programming languages
11

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 Advantages of java
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Java language has both compiled and interpreted

Easy to learn
Object oriented
Platform independent
Security
Portable
Robust
Multithreaded
Architecture neutral
High performance
Distributed

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 Object Oriented Programming
13

Types of languages:

High level language - OOPS Concept based languages ( JAVA, C++)

Middle level language – Procedure Oriented languages (C, PASCAL)

Low level language – Assembly language

Very low level language – Pure machine language

C programming – it one of the procedure oriented language ex: Car

driving module, does not have any safety and code hidden.

OOPS – develop and maintain easy, solve real-time problems.

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 OOPS CONCEPT
14

Object - Runtime entity

Class - Collection related objects, Logical entity.

- It includes data member, constructor, and method.
Abstraction – hiding the implementation details and showing the
functionality only
-eliminating redundant data
-Ex: compare friends and bank.

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 OOPS CONCEPT
15

Inheritance – Derived from parent class (Super class) to child class(Sub

class)

Types – single, multilevel, hierarchical,

Multiple, hybrid ( Not support in java)

Interface – Replacing multiple inheritances, it has only method with or

without arguments, doesn’t have method derivation.

Encapsulation – wrapping the code into single unit, data security.

Polymorphism – same method or object performing the different

behavior.

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 Helloworld in JAVA
16

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 Helloworld in JAVA
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public class Helloworld {

public static void main(String args[])

/* public - Access specifies , Static - Access modifier (equally sharing memory for main),
Void – return type, does not return anything for main, Main – first compiler search and
start with main method, String args[] – storing array, this is no appear nothing print
in console. */

[Link](“ Helloworld”);

/* System – Source file, Out – variable, Println – printing the given line, “ Helloworld”
– storing array and saving string datatype */

}
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 Creating own method: (User defined method)
18

public class Helloworld {

void print()

[Link](“ Helloworld”);

/* typing without main() , no appear java application at compile

time */

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 Creating own method: (User defined method)
19

public class Helloworld {

void print() {

[Link](“ Helloworld”);

public static void main(String args[]) {

/* nothing in console, so need to create an object.*/

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 Creating own method: (User defined method)
20

public class Helloworld {

void print() {

[Link](“ Helloworld”);

public static void main(String args[]) {

Helloworld h = new Helloworld();

[Link]();

/* Helloworld- Class name, h – object, new – is a keyword, allocate memory for object at
runtime, Hellworld – constructor */

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 Creating own method: (User defined method)
21

public class Helloworld {

void print() {
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = a + b;
[Link](“ sum”+ “ “ + c);
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Helloworld h = new Helloworld();
[Link]();
}

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 Creating own method: (User defined method)
22

Another way
public class Helloworld {
void print(int a, int b) {
int c = a + b;
[Link](“ sum”+ “ “ + c);
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Helloworld h = new Helloworld();
[Link](10,20);
}

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 Different between Access specifiers and Access modifier:
23

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 Access Specifiers
24

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 Before appear in class
25

Before appear in class you use only three access possibilities:

Public (Access Specifies)

Final (Access modifiers)

Abstract (Access modifiers)

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 Private :( Access specifies)
26

-It is good example of encapsulation {

Ex: Privateex ad = new privateex();

Class privateex { [Link](); // private method can’t be accessed (not

Private int x =34; visible)

Public void showdemo() ad.x=50; // private variable can’t be accessed (not visible)

{ [Link](); // run properly, it is visible but it has x not

visible
[Link](“the variable is:” + x);
}
}
}
Private void testdemo() {
Ex: Bank accounts (deposit accounts)
[Link](“it can’t be accessed by other class”);

Class accessex {

Public static void main (String args[])

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 Protected :( Access specifier)
27

- Only provide method and variable Class childAccess extends protectedex {

- Methods and variable access through }

subclass only ( that means inheritance Class proc {
concept) Public static void main (String args[]) {
Ex: childAccess ca = new childAccess ();
Class protectedex { [Link]();
Protected int x =34; ca.x=34;
// if apply private instead of protected }
Public void showdemo() { }
[Link](“the variable is:” + x);

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 Static keyword (Access modifier):
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-instance of the class or objects sharing the memory [Link](“roll no” + “ “ +”name”+ “ “ +

from the static area values. ”College”);

Public class stat { }

int roll no; // instance or global variable Public static void main(String args[])

String name; // instance or global variable // college = “SASTRA”; /*re assign possible in the

Static string college = “ PREC”; // instance or global static variable*/

static variable Stat s1 = new stat(111, “karan”);

Stat(int r, String n) { Stat s2 = new stat(222, “ajay”);

Roll no = r; // local variable [Link]();

name = n; // local variable [Link]();

} }

void display() { }

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 Final keyword (Access modifier)
29

Class – do not inherit Void display() {

variable – do not reassign, do not change the value [Link](“roll no” + “ “ +”name”+”

methods – do not overload, override “+”College”);

(that means do not support polymorphism) }

Public static void main(String args[])

Public class fin{ // college = “SASTRA”; /*does not support reassign the

Int roll no; // instance or global variable final variable, static reference only support static*/

String name; // instance or global variable fin s1 = new fin(111, “karan”);

final string college = “ PREC”; // instance or global final fin s2 = new fin(222, “ajay”);
variable [Link]();

fin(int r, String n) { [Link]();

Roll no = r; // local variable }

name = n; // local variable }

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 IF LOOP
30

it is a cyclic process based on condition

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 IF LOOP
31

public class ifloop {

public static void main(String args[]) {

int a =0;

if(a==0)// apply 1 and check

[Link](“entering into the loop”);

[Link](“rest of the code”);

}
 Conditional [Link]

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 IFELSE CONDITION
32

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 IFELSE CONDITION
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public class ifelse { {

public static void main(String args[]) [Link](“he is a not adult”);

{ }

int a =17; [Link](“rest of the code”);

if(a<=18) }

{ }

[Link](“he is a adult”);

else

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 WHILE LOOP
34

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 DO-WHILE LOOP
35

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 DIFFERENCE B/W IF AND WHILE
36

if – if(10===10)

while – while(10==10)// infinity loop occur

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 While loop example
37

public class whileloop x++;

{ [Link](“\n”);

public static void main(String args[]) }

{ }

int x =10; }

while (x<20) {

[Link](“value of x “ + x);

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 Do-While loop example
38

public class Dowhileloop } while (x<20)

{ }

public static void main(String args[]) }

int x =10;

[Link](“value of x “ + x);

x++;

[Link](“\n”);

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 Super keyword
39

The super is a reference variable that is used to refer immediate parent

class object

Usage:

Used to refer immediate parent class instance variable

Super () is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor

Super is used to invoke immediate parent class method

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 Super variable
40

class vehicle //[Link]([Link]);

{ /* will print speed of the vehicle */

int speed = 50; }

class bike extends vehicle public static void main(string args[])

{ bike b = new bike();

int speed = 100; [Link]();

void display() }

{ }

[Link](speed);

/* will print speed of the bike */

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 super()
41

class person { }

void message() { public static void main(String args[])

[Link](“welcome”); {

} student s1 = new student();

} [Link]();

class student extends person { }

void display() { }

message(); /* will invoke parent class

message() method */

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 super()
42

class person { [Link](); /* will invoke parent class

void message() { message() method */

[Link](“welcome”); }

} public static void main(String args[])

} {

class student extends person { student s1 = new student();

void message() { [Link]();

[Link](“welcome to java”); }

} }

void display() {

message(); /* will invoke current class message()

method */

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 Super keyword constructor
43

- explicit constructor occur means program compile constructor first

then execute main function

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 Super keyword constructor
44

class Vehicle { super();

vehicle() [Link](“Bike is created”);

{ }

[Link](“Vehicle is public static void main(String args[])

created”); Bike b = new Bike();
} }
} }
class Bike extends Vehicle {

Bike() {

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 This Keywords
45

this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object

difference between global and local variables

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 This Keywords
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public class thisk { }

int id ; // global variable void display() {

String name; // global variable [Link](id+ “ “ + name);

thisk(int id, String name) { }

id = id; public static void main(String args[]) {

/* local variable assign to the instance variable */ thisk tk1 = new thisk(111, “ scion”);
name = name; thisk tk2 = new thisk(222, “ armada”);
/* local variable assign to the instance variable */
[Link]();
// [Link] = id;
[Link]();
/* local variable assign to the instance variable */
}
//[Link] = name;
/* local variable assign to the instance variable */

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 Constructor
47

constructor is a special type of method that is used to initialize the

object,
constructor is invoked at the time of object creation

compiler first search and compile main function, when constructor

appear first constructor call then call to main function.

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 Types of constructor
48

Default constructor (No- arg constructor)

Parameterized constructor (arg/ parameter passing)

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 Default constructor (No- arg constructor)
49

class defaultcons {
defaultcons() {
[Link](“Bike is created”);
}
public static void main(String args[])
defaultcons b = new defaultcons();
}
}

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 Default constructor (No- arg constructor)
50

class defaultcons { defaultcons s2 = new defaultcons();

int id; [Link]();

String name; [Link]();

// default or empty constructor here }

void display() { }

[Link](id+“ ”+name);

public static void main(String args[])

defaultcons s1 = new defaultcons();

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 Parameterized constructor
51

class paramcons { }

int id; public static void main(String args[])

String name; paramcons s1 = new

paramcons(int i , name n ); { paramcons(111,”scion”);

id = i ; paramcons s2 = new

name = n; paramcons(222,”armada”);

} [Link]();

void display() { [Link]();

[Link](id+“ ”+name); }}

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 INHERITANCE
52

-subclass(childclass, derived class) derived from superclass(Parent

class, base class)

types:

single

multilevel

hierarchy

multiple (not support)

hybrid (not support)

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 INHERITANCE EX.
53

public class inher { salary is” + [Link]);

int salary = 50000; [Link](“programmer

} bonus is” + [Link]);

class pro extends inher { }

int bonus = 20000; }

} example:

public static void main(String args[]) -software version 2 derived some

pro p = new pro(); properties from version 1.

[Link](“programmer

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 Multilevel inheritance
54

Class A {
}
Class B extends class A {
}
Class C extends class B {
}
Class D extends class C {
}

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 Multilevel inheritance EX.
55

public class multi { public class void main(String args[])

int salary = 50000; pay1 p = new pay1();

} [Link](“programmer salary is” +

class bon extends multi { [Link]);

int bonus = 20000; [Link](“programmer bonus is” +

} [Link]);

class pay extends bon { [Link](“programmer bpay is” + [Link]);

int bpay = 10000; [Link](“programmer npay is” + [Link]);

} }

class pay1 extends pay { }

int npay = 5000;

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 Polymorphism
56

-Same method or object performs different behavior.

Types:

Compile time – method overloading

Runtime – method overriding

Use: code reusability.

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 Method overloading
57

same name with different arguments

all the methods appear in same class or single class

Error occur in compile time, easy to find, that’s why called compile time

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 Method overloading ex
58

class methodoverload { class overload {

void test() { public static void main(String args[])

[Link](“No arguments”); {

} methodoverload obj = new methodoverload();

void test(int a) { [Link]();

[Link](‘the value a:” + a); [Link](10);

} [Link](10,20);

void test(int a, int b) { }

[Link](“Sum of two numbers:” + }

(a+b));

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 Method overriding
59

same method name and same arguments appear in different classes

Error occur in run time

difficult to find the error, difficult to solve the error, so JVM handle this
type of error, that’s why it’s called runtime

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 Method overriding ex
60

class Animals { }

public void move() { class Testdog {

[Link](“Animals can move”); public static void main(String args[]) {

} Dog b = new Dog();

} [Link](); // latest method access, then

class Dog extends Animals { override in parent class method

public void move() { }

[Link](“Dogs can walk and }

run”); Ex: software updating

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 Interface
61

overcome the multiple inheritance

only create method and argument

no using implementation

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 Why multiple inheritances not support in java
62

diamond problem occur in C++ program

Child class derived properties from ancestor class- it is confused take path then
escape from the program, that’s why developed interface.

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 create interface
63

Example:

create interface then type

Interface Printable {

void print() // if need arguments using here

void hai()

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 create class
64

create class then type [Link]();

class Inter implements Printable { [Link]();

public void print() { }

[Link](“ I am a print”); }

} ** More methods using in class but

public void hai() { using must interface methods

[Link](“ I am a hai”); Ex: Interface- ISO, Class – Your Company

} Teamleader – ISO, Class – employee

public static void main(String args[])

Inter obj = new Inter();

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 Abstraction
65

Abstraction – elimination

Impossible create object for abstraction and interface

accessing both interface and abstraction from other class using

keyword

Must using abstract class abstract methods in subclass, optionally using

abstract class ordinary methods in subclass.

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 Difference
66

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 Abstract class Ex
67

abstract class abstrac { [Link](“ hai I am

abstract void run(); // if need passing running”);

arguments }

// check - create another abstract class public static void main(String args[])

void print() { Im obj = new Im();

[Link](“ hello”); [Link](); // abstract method

} // [Link]();

class Im extends abstrac { }

void run() { }

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 String in Java
68

string is a sequence of character but java string is a object

string class used to create String object

in java strings are basically immutable

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 immutable
69

immutable – String object getting only one reference(Assignment), again does not
change the values.
ex:
public class Stringimmutable {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String s = new String(“host name”);
[Link](“come”);
[Link](“Value is” + s);
}
}

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 String creation
70

Two ways of creating String:

String literal:
String s = “hello”; //(no new string object)
By new keyword:
String s = new String(“hello”); //(new string object)
Real-time ex:
In networking concepts many program written in String.
Once allocating the hostname does not change by other persons,
that’s why strings constructing immutable.

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 immutable
71

Why immutable:
Java uses the string literal concept, suppose there are 5 reference
variable, all the refers to a one object “scion”, if one reference
variable changes the value of object, it will be affected to the entire
reference variable.
How to overcome immutable:
stack memory raises when string is immutable because lot of objects
using in string program
using stringbuffer and stringbuilder overcome the immutable.

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 Stringbuffer class
72

the stringbuffer is used to create mutable (modified) String, the

Stringbuffer class is same as String class except it is mutable (ie) it can
be changed.

it is thread safe (process allocating threads)

slow process

best quality

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 Example
73

public class Stringmutable {

public static void main(String args[]) {

StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer(“host name”);

[Link](“hai”);

[Link](“come”);

[Link](“ “ + s);

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 Stringbuilder class
74

the Stringbuilder is used to create mutable (modified) String, it is same

as the Stringbuffer class except it is not thread safe

fast process

low quality

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 Example
75

public class Stringmutable {

public static void main(String args[]) {

StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(“host name”);

[Link](“hai”);

[Link](“come”);

[Link](“ “ + s);

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 String manipulation
76

package string;

Class Stringmani {

public static void main(String args[]) {

String v1 = new String(“Scion”);

String v2 = new String(“Armada”);

String v3 = new String(“kings”);

[Link](“String1” + v1);

[Link](“String2” + v2);

[Link]();

[Link](“String1 uppercase” + [Link]());

[Link](“String2 lowercase” + [Link]());

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 String manipulation
77

[Link](“Str2 replace ‘a’ into ‘*’:” + [Link](‘a’,’*’));

[Link](“Concatenation of str1&str2” + [Link](v2));

[Link](“Trim” + ([Link]()).concat(v2));

[Link](“Str1 & Str2 equal:” + [Link](v2)); //case sensitive

[Link](“Str1 & Str2 equal ignorecase:” + [Link](v2)); // it is not case sensitive

[Link](“Strlength” + [Link]());

[Link](“comparison of str1 and str2” + [Link](v2));

[Link](“str1 in 2nd & 4th position substring:” + [Link](2,4));

[Link](“str2 index of a:” + [Link](a));

[Link](“str2 index of a in 2:” + [Link](a,2));

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 Exception handling
78

 Using more than one function using a program, any one function

affected then all the functions affected without exception handling

 good practice of using exception handling in programming

 interview point of view this concept most important

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 Exception handling syntax
79

Exception syntax:

try {

//find the error throw to catch block

catch

handle the error

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 example for exception
80

public class exception { {

public static void main(String args[]) { [Link](“Array index bound:” +e);

try { }

// try block already known all the error and finally {

which type of error [Link](“I always Executed”);
int data = 50/0; }
int c[] = {1}; // int array c has length of 1. [Link](“Rest of the code”);
C[42] = 99; }
} catch(Arithmetic Exception e) { }
[Link](“Divide by 0:” +e);

} catch(Array IndexOutOfBound Exception e)

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 Finally block
81

-Whatever happen in exception handling in a program finally

block execute method or print the message on the output screen

ex.

using login form in online banking within finally block

[Link]();

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 Difference b/w throw & throws
82

throw

each method create try,catch block,

implicitly throw function happen

but here explicitly written throw for how this function performing

throws

using reduced redundancy

do not create try,catch block for each methods individually

using throws concept passing the exception to main method

there main method create a single try block and multiple catch block for solving the
exception

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 Difference b/w throw & throws
83

public class throww { }

static void demo { public static void main(String args[]) {

//throws NullPointerException try

try {

{ demo();

throw new NullPointerException(“Pointer null”); }

} catch(NullPointerException e) {

catch(NullPointerException e) { [Link](“caught:” + e);

[Link](“caught inside demo program” ); }

throw e; }

// throw new NullPointerException(“demo”); }

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 Java I/O (Input/output) handling
84

I/O is used to process the input and produce the output based on
the input.

Java uses the concept of stream to make I/O operations fast.

[Link] package contains all the classes required for I/P and O/P
operations.

The bulk data processing through file input streaming and file
output streaming.

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 Output Stream
85

import [Link]; [Link]();

public class Fileout { [Link](“Success….”);

public static void main(String args[]) }

{ catch (Exception e) {

try { [Link](e);

FileOutputStream fout = new }

FileOutputStream(“D:[Link]”); }
String s = “ hai I am scion”; }
byte b[] = [Link]();

[Link](b);

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 Input Stream
86

import [Link]; [Link]((char) i);

public class Filein { [Link]();

public static void main(String args[]) }

{ catch(Exception e) {

try { [Link](e);

FileInputStream fin = new }

FileInputStream(“D:[Link]”); }
int i ; }
while((i = [Link]())!= -1)

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 Garbage collector
87

Real-time scenario: Dustbin (replaces old, fill new)

Same concept using programming memory

Ex: Website- memory clearing the unlived process

This process done by JVM

Creating objects stored in heap memory

Generations- all objects are stored in generation

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 Memory converts process from young to old
88

All living objects convert from young to old

Unused objects (no one use) are removed from memory using garbage
collector

When unused objects comes to live that time garbage collector allocate
memory for unused objects

Permanent - this place completely used for Java process,

- This is populating at runtime.

- Java classes always going to permanent

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 Marking in memory spaces
89

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 Normal & Compacting Deletion
90

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Both younger and older generation common occur
91

When garbage collector runs that time regular works stop that means
stop the world event (STW), all application stop.
Ex: Anna University marks uploaded
Time taken is more for older generation compare than younger
generation, because older generation remove and search large amount
of data.
Overcome the world event (STW)
Developer wants garbage collector running at the same time program
also running
Ex: Sweep in road

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 Types of Garbage Collector
92

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 Java Collection Framework (JCF)
93

passing data in network

like a container

put data and get data

collection ex: shop- saris model, design and companies

JCF provides architecture to store and manipulate the group

of objects

Methods:

Searching, Sorting, Insertion, Deletion

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 Java Collection Framework (JCF)
94

 Simply collection means group of objects

 Collection Represent a Single unit of objects

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 MAP
95

Iterated Interface

It is provides the facility of iterating the elements in forward direction

only

Methods of iterated interface

public Boolean hasNext()

public object next()

public void remove()

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 Types of MAP
96

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 Example
97

package collection; Set set = [Link]();

import [Link].*; Iterator i = [Link]();

public class hashmap { //hashmap – this is class // Display elements

public static void main(String args[]) { while([Link]()) {

Hashmap hm = new Hashmap(); // Hashmap- this is java function [Link] me = ([Link]) [Link]();

//Treemap hm = new Treemap (); [Link]([Link]()+”:”);

//LinkedHashmap hm = new LinkedHashmap (); [Link]([Link]());

// put the elements to the map }

[Link](100, “Gowtham”); // multiple value pass in the quotes }

// multiple (,) not possible in java API that means multi keymap [Link]();

[Link](101, “Vinoth”); }

[Link](102, “Saran”); }

[Link](103, “Ravi”);

[Link](103, “R”); // Duplicate key value, Print this value only. Hash- Not maintain order

// Get a set of entries Tree – Maintain order

//SCION
using iterated
RESEARCHfunction
ANDonlyDEVELOPMENT
possible in Set so get the permission Sign in Shine out
from Set
 Another way possible using this type
- For each loop method
98

package collection; [Link](103, “Ravi”);

[Link] [Link](103, “R”);

ltikeymap; for( Integer Key : [Link]()) {
[Link]; [Link](“Key=” + Key);
public class fore { }
public static void main(String args[]) { // Iterating over values only
Hashmap <Integer,String> map = new for( Integer String : [Link]()) {
Hashmap(); [Link](“Values=” + Value);
[Link](100, “Gowtham”); }
[Link](101, “Senthil”); }
[Link](102, “Saran”); }

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 Collections – List
99

it is one of the interface

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 Array List
100

Use dynamic array for storing algorithm

Can contain duplicate

Not synchronized

Maintain order

Random Access

manipulation slow because a lot of shifting needs to be occurred

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 Array List
101

[Link]; [Link](“Ravi”);

import [Link]; [Link](“Ajay”);

import [Link]; [Link](“Ajay”);
public class Arraylistdemo { Iterator itr = [Link]();
public static void main (String args[]) while([Link]()) {
{ [Link]([Link]());
Arraylist al = new Arraylist(); }
[Link](“Ravi”); }
[Link](“Vijay”); }

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 iterating the elements of collection by for each loop
102

public static void main (String args[]) {

Arraylist al = new Arraylist();
[Link](“Ravi”);
[Link](“Vijay”);
[Link](“Ravi”);
[Link](“Ajay”);
[Link](“Ajay”);
for (object obj:al)
[Link](obj);
}

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 User defined objects
103

Class Student { Student s2 = new Student(102,”Ravi”,21);

int rollno; Student s1 = new Student(103,”Jay”,25);

String name; ArrayList al = new ArrayList();

int age; [Link](s1);

Student(int rollno, String name, int age) { [Link](s2);

[Link] = roll no; [Link](s3);

[Link] = name; Iterartor itr = [Link]();

[Link] = age; while([Link]()) {

} Student st = (Student) [Link]();

} [Link]([Link]+ “ ” + [Link] + “ “

Class Simple { +[Link]);

public static void main(String args[]) { }

Student s1 = new Student(101,”Sonoo”,23); } }

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 Example of addAll(Collection, method)
104

Class Simple { while([Link]()) {

public static void main(String args[]) [Link]([Link]());

{ }

ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); }

[Link](“sonoo”); }

[Link](“jay”);

[Link](al2);

Iterator itr = [Link]();

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 Example of removeAll() method
105

class Simple { [Link](“Iterating the

public static void main(String args[]) { elements after removing the elements

ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); of al2….”);

[Link](“Ravi”); Iterartor itr = [Link]();

[Link](“scion”); while([Link]()) {

[Link](“armada”); [Link]([Link]());

ArrayList al2 = new ArrayList(); }

[Link](“Ravi”); }

[Link](“scion”); }

[Link](al2);

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 Example of retainAll() method
106

class Simple { [Link](“Iterating the elements

public static void main(String args[]) { after removing the elements of al2….”);

ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); Iterartor itr = [Link]();

[Link](“Ravi”); while([Link]()) {

[Link](“scion”); [Link]([Link]());

[Link](“armada”); }

ArrayList al2 = new ArrayList(); }

[Link](“Ravi”); }

[Link](“scion”);

[Link](al2);

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 Linked List Class
107

uses doubly linked list to store the elements

can contain duplicate elements

maintain insertion order

not synchronized

no random access

manipulation fast, because no shifting needs to be occurred

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 Example
108

public class LinkedListex { Iterartor itr = [Link]();

public class void main(String args[]) { while([Link]()) {
//create an arraylist an object [Link]([Link]());
LinkedList Llist = new LinkedList(); }
[Link](“1”); }
[Link](“2”); }
[Link](“3”);
[Link](1,”Insert Element”);
[Link](“Linked contains”)

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 Time Difference between Array List and Linked list
109

public class listset { for(int i = 0; i<10000; i++) {

public class void main(String args[]) { Linkedlist al = new Linkedlist();

long StartTime1 = [Link](); [Link](i);

for(int i = 0; i<10000; i++) { }

Arraylist al = new Arraylist(); long endTime2 = [Link]();

[Link](i); [Link](“The” + “time” + “taken” +

} (endTime2 – startTime2) + “ms”);

long endTime1 = [Link](); }

[Link](“The” + “time” + “taken” + }

(endTime1 – startTime1) + “ms”);

long StartTime2 = [Link]();

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 Set
110

simply it is a collection

Fingers = {index, middle, ring, pinky }

numbers = { 1,12,33,43}

remove the duplicates

distinct elements

both set and map same process happen in background

both does not allow duplicates

set have elements only but map have key and value (two elements)

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 Ex:
111

public class Hashsetex { [Link](“scion”);

public class void main(String args[]) [Link](“saravan”);

{ [Link](“armada”);

// generics <String> Iterator<String> itr = [Link]();

HashSet<String> al = new while([Link]()) {

HashSet<String>(); [Link]([Link]());
// TreeSet<String> al = new }
TreeSet<String>(); }
[Link](“shan”);

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 Queue (FIFO)
112

methods of queue interface:

add(object)

offer(object)

remove()

poll()

element()

peek()

size()

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 EX:
113

Class Queueex { while([Link]()); {

public class void main(String args[]) { [Link]([Link]());

Priorityqueue<String> queue = new }

Priorityqueue<String>(); [Link]();
[Link](“A”); [Link]();
[Link](“B”); [Link](“after removing two elements:”);
[Link](“C”); Iterator<String> itr2 = [Link]();
[Link](“D”); while([Link]()) {
[Link](“E”); [Link]([Link]());
[Link](“Head” + [Link]()); }
[Link](“Head” + [Link]()); }
[Link](“Iterating the queue elements:”); }
Iterator itr = [Link]();

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 Dequeue
114

public Class Dequeueex { the Dequeue

public class void main(String args[]) { [Link](“Dequeue peek:” +

Dequeue<String> queue = new [Link]());

ArrayDequeue<String>(); // get the values does not remove the element from

[Link](“A”); the Dequeue

[Link](“B”); [Link](“Dequeue poll:” + [Link]());

[Link](“C”); // get the first value and remove that object from

[Link](“D”); Dequeue

[Link](“E”); [Link](“Final size of Dequeue:” +

[Link]());
[Link](“Initial size of Dequeue:” +
[Link]()); }

// get the values does not remove the element from }

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 (=) vs (==) in java
115

the equals method is actually meant to compare the contents of two

objects and not their location in memory

in java, when the “==” operation is used to compare two objects,

compare location not compare content

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 ex
116

public class Equalsex {

public class void main(String args[]) {

String obj1 = new String (“xyz”);

String obj2 = new String (“xyz”);

if([Link](obj2))

// if(obj1 == obj2)

[Link](“obj1= obj2 is true”);

else

[Link](“obj1= obj2 is false”);

}}

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 CSV(comma separated value) file
117

import [Link]; Stringline = “ “;

import try {
[Link]; br = new BufferReader(new
import [Link]; FileReader(CSVFile));
import [Link]; while((Line = [Link]()!= null)
public class Readcvs { {
public static void main(String //use comma as separator
args[]) { String[] country = [Link](“,”);
Readcvs obj = new Readcvs(); [Link](“Country [ code
[Link](); = “ + country[4] + “, name = “ +
} country[5] + “]”);
public void run() { }
String CSVFile = “C:…….”; }
BufferedReader br = null; // continue next slide

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 CSV(comma separated value) file
118

catch(FileNotFoundException e) { }
[Link](); }
} [Link](“Completed”);
catch(IOException e) { }
[Link](); }
} I/P:
finally { create text file
if(br!=null) { “[Link]”,”1.0.0”, “121”,
try { “167”,”IND”, “INDIA”
[Link]();
}
catch(IOException e) {
[Link]();
}

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 XML (Extra markup language) Parsing
119

Describing the data

carrying the light weight file

Easy transaction in networking

<book> // root tag

<bid> 11 </bid> // nested tag

<bname> java prg </bname> // nested tag

</book> // root tag

data get from XML using one programming languages (like C,C++,Java)

both java and lib(DOM, SAX, JDOM, JAXB) files get data from XML

DOM and SAX include in JDK

JDOM and JAXB get from External download

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 JDOM
120

Simple

better than others

easy reading and writing

API- Straight forward

Install JDOM

Download copy and paste a newfolder lib1

projectname – properties – javabuildpath – projectname – lib1 –

jdom 2.0.5 jar – ok – ok

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 Ex:
121

package [Link]; }

import [Link]; }

public class XMLReader { catch(JDOMException e) {

public static void main(String args[]) { [Link]();

//creating JDOM SAX(open and read XML files) }

parser catch(IOException e) {
SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(); [Link]();
//reading XML document }
Document XML = null;

try { // continue next slide

XML = [Link](newFile(“[Link]”));

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 Ex
122

// getting root element from XML document // reading attribute from Element using JDOM

Element root = [Link](); [Link](“ISBN:” +

[Link](“Root element of XML document is :” [Link](“ISBN”));

+ [Link]()); [Link](“Author:” +

[Link](“Number of books in this XML :” + [Link](“Author”));

[Link]().Size()); [Link](“Title:” +

List books = [Link](); [Link](“Title”));

[Link](“Pages:” +

// Iterating overall childs of XML [Link](“Pages”));

Iterator itr = [Link](); [Link](“Language:” +

[Link](“Language”));
while([Link]()) {
}
Element book = (Element) [Link]());

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 XML Ex:
123

<? xml version = “1.0” encoding = “UTF-8” <book ISBN = “5678”>

?> <author>armada</author>

<books> <title>Software</title>

<book ISBN = “1234”> <pages>120</pages>

<author>SCION</author> <language>English</language>

<title>Java</title> </book>

<pages>180</pages> </books>

<language>English</language>

</book>

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