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History of Communication Networks

1. The document provides a history of computer networks from ancient messenger networks to the development of the modern Internet, including key innovations like packet switching, TCP/IP, and the ARPANET project. 2. It discusses early computer networks in the 1960s and 1970s that laid the foundations for the Internet through packet switching and protocols like TCP. 3. The modern Internet emerged in the 1980s and 1990s through the adoption of TCP/IP and the connection of academic and government networks, leading to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet in the late 1990s and beyond.

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Asabia Omoniyi
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9 views22 pages

History of Communication Networks

1. The document provides a history of computer networks from ancient messenger networks to the development of the modern Internet, including key innovations like packet switching, TCP/IP, and the ARPANET project. 2. It discusses early computer networks in the 1960s and 1970s that laid the foundations for the Internet through packet switching and protocols like TCP. 3. The modern Internet emerged in the 1980s and 1990s through the adoption of TCP/IP and the connection of academic and government networks, leading to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet in the late 1990s and beyond.

Uploaded by

Asabia Omoniyi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CSE 390 Advanced

Computer Networks
Lecture 2: History
(Hint: Al Gore is not involved)

Based on slides from D. Choffnes Northeastern U.


Revised Fall 2014 by P. Gill
What is a Comm. Network?
2

A communications network is a network of links and nodes


arranged so that messages may be passed from one part
of the network to another

 What are Networks


nodes and are
links?key for:
 People • Speed
and roads
• Distance
 Telephones and switches
 Computers and routers

 What is a message?
 Information
Networks are Old
4

 2400 BC: courier networks in Egypt


 550 BC: postal service invented in Persia

Problems:
• Speed
• Reliability
• Security
Submarine Cables + The Telegraph
 1850 – first submarine cables laid
 …by 1900 the first global communications network!
Towards Electric Communication
6

 1837: Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse


 Distance: 10 miles
 Speed: 10 words per minute Higher compression =
 In use until 1985! faster speeds
 Key challenge: how to encode information?
 Originally used unary encoding
A• B •• C ••• D •••• E •••••
 Next generation: binary encoding
A •– B –••• C –•–• D –•• E•
Telephony
7

 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone


Advantages
 Key challenge: how to scale the network?

•Easy to useall phones were directly connected


Originally,
 O(n2) complexity; n*(n–1)/2
• Switching mitigates complexity
 1878: Switching
•Makes cablelines
1937: Trunk management
+ multiplexingtractable
Problems
• Manual switching
• 1918: cross country call took 15 minutes to set up
Growth of the Telephone Network
8

 1881: Twisted pair for local loops


 1885: AT&T formed
 1892: Automatic telephone switches
 1903: 3 million telephones in the US
 1915: First transcontinental cable
 1927: First transatlantic cable
 1937: first round-the-world call
 1946: National numbering plan
Crazy idea: Packet switching
9

 Telephone networks are circuit switched


 Each call reserves resources end-to-end
 Provides excellent quality of service

 Problems
 Resourceintense (what if the circuit is idle?)
 Complex network components (per circuit state, security)

 Packet switching
 No connection state, network is store-and-forward
 Minimal network assumptions

 Statistical multiplexing gives high overall utilization


The World’s Most Successful Computer
Science Research Project
10
History of the Internet
11

 1961: Kleinrock @ MIT: packet-switched network


 1962: Licklider’s vision of Galactic Network

 1965: Roberts connects computers over phone line

 1967: Roberts publishes vision of ARPANET

 1969: BBN installs first

InterfaceMsgProcessor at UCLA
 1970: Network Control Program (NCP)

 1972: Public demonstration of ARPANET

 1972: Kahn @ DARPA advocates

Open Architecture
 1972: Vint Cerf @ Stanford writes TCP
The 1960s
13
1971
14
1973
15

Satellite Link to Hawaii


First international connections
(London + Norway)
Growing Pains
16

 Problem: early networks used incompatible protocols


Kahn’s Ground Rules
17

1. Each network is independent, cannot be forced to change


 A network of networks
 Each running their own set of protocols
2. Best-effort communication (i.e. no guarantees)
3. Boxes (routers/gateways) connect networks
 Boxes that do not maintain state  keep them simple!
4. No global control

 Principles behind the development of IP


 Led to the Internet as we know it
 Internet is still structured as independent networks
The Birth of Routing
18

Trivia
• Kahn believed that there would
only be ~20 networks.
• He was way off.
• Why?
2000
19
2006
20
2009
21
More Internet History
22

 1974: Cerf and Kahn paper on TCP (IP kept separate)


 1980: TCP/IP adopted as defense standard
 1983: ARPANET and MILNET split
 1983: Global NCP to TCP/IP flag day
 198x: Internet melts down due to congestion
What is next?
 1986: Van Jacobson saves the Internet (BSD TCP)
 1987: NSFNET merges with other networks
 1988: Deering and Cheriton propose multicast
 1994: NSF backbone dismantled, private backbone
 1999-present: The Internet boom and bust … and boom
 2007: Release of iPhone, rise of Mobile Internet
Internet Applications Over Time
23
 1972: Email
 1973: Telnet – remote access to computing
 1982: DNS – “phonebook” of the Internet
 1985: FTP – remote file access
 1989: NFS – remote file systems
 1991: The World Wide Web (WWW) goes public
 1995: SSH – secure remote shell access
 1995-1997: Instant messaging (ICQ, AIM)
 1998: Google
 1999: Napster, birth of P2P
 2001: Bittorrent
 2004: Facebook What is next?
 2005: YouTube
 2007: The iPhone
Takeaways
24

 Communication is fundamental to human nature


 Key concepts have existed for a long time
 Speed/bandwidth  Encoding
 Latency  Cable management
 Switching  Multiplexing
 Packets vs. circuits  Routing

 The Internet has changed the world


 Promise of free ($) and free (freedom) communication
 Shrunk the world

 What made the Internet so successful? Stay tuned!

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