ZIGBEE®

The wireless standard for tomorrow’s smart grid

PRESENTED BY:-
SUMIT KUMAR SAHU
PRESENTED BY:-
O701227155
SUMIT KUMAR SAHU
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
O701227155
CS1(A)
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 1
CS1(A)
SCOPE OF THE SEMINAR
1)INTRODUCTION
2)CHARCTERISTICS
3)DEVICE TYPES
4)NETWORK MODEL
5)FRAME STRUCTURE
6)SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE
7)ARCHITECTURE
8)ROLE OF SEVERAL LAYERS
9)ADVANTAGES
10)DISADVANTAGES
11)APPLICATIONS
12)CONCLUSION

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 WHAT IS ZIGBEE?????
 ZIGBEE IS BUILT ON TOP OF THE IEEE 802.15.4 LOW
POWER NETWORKING STANDARD.  

 THE 802.15.4 STANDARD IS A SIMPLE PACKET DATA

PROTOCOL FOR LIGHTWEIGHT WIRELESS NETWORKS.

 ZIGBEE ADDS KEY FUNCTIONALITY ON TOP OF THE CORE

NETWORKING SUPPORT PROVIDED BY THE IEEE 802.15.4
STANDARD INCLUDING SUPPORT FOR PEER TO PEER AND
MESH NETWORKING.

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ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4 – GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

•Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)

•Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz), and 20 kbps
(@868 MHz)
•Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%)
•CSMA-CA channel access
•Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like
sensors and controls
•Low power (battery life multi-month to years)
•Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh
•Addressing space of up to:
18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address)
65,535 networks
•Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency
•Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability
•Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)

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DEVICE TYPES
To allow vendors to supply the lowest possible cost devices the IEEE
standard defines two types of devices: full function devices and
reduced function devices

Full function device (FFD)

Can function in any topology
Capable of being the Network coordinator
Capable of being a coordinator
Can talk to any other device
 
Reduced function device (RFD)
Limited to star topology
Cannot become a network coordinator
Talks only to a network coordinator
Very simple implementation
 

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NETWORK CONSIDERATIONS

PAN
Coordinator

Full functional Communication

device
flow
Reduced Function Device
Star Topology

Peer to Peer Cluster Tree

topology Topology
Communications flow
Full function
device
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FRAME STRUCTURE
The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC defines four frame structures:
A beacon frame, used by a coordinator to transmit
beacons.
A data frame, used for all transfers of data.
An acknowledgment frame, used for confirming successful
frame reception.
A MAC command frame, used for handling all MAC peer
entity control transfers.
The data frame is illustrated below:
 

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SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE

oThe super frame is bounded by network beacons, is sent

by the coordinator
oThe beacon frame is transmitted in the first slot of each
super frame.
oAny device wishing to communicate during the
contention access period (CAP) between two beacons
shall compete with other devices using a slotted CSMA-
CA mechanism.

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For low latency applications GUARANTEED TIME SLOTS (GTSs)are
present
It comprises of CONTENTION FREE PERIOD(CFP)
The PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven of these GTSs and
a GTS may occupy more than one slot period
a sufficient portion of the CAP shall remain for contention based
access of other networked devices or new devices wishing to join
the network . All contention based transactions shall be complete
before the CFP begins. Also each device transmitting in a GTS
shall ensure that its transaction is complete before the time of the
next GTS or the end of the CFP.

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ZIGBEE ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURE contains the following layers

A. PHYSICAL LAYER

B. MAC LAYER

C. NETWORK LAYER

D. APPLICATION LAYER

E. SECURITY LAYER

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MAC DATA SERVICE DIAGRAMS

NON BEACON
NETWORK

BEACON NETWORK
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MAC PRIMITIVES
 
MAC Data Service
MCPS-DATA – exchange data packets between MAC and PHY
MCPS-PURGE – purge an MSDU from the transaction queue
 
MAC Management Service
MLME-ASSOCIATE/DISASSOCIATE – network association
MLME-SYNC / SYNC-LOSS - device synchronization
MLME-SCAN - scan radio channels
MLME- COMM-STATUS – communication status
MLME-GET / -SET– retrieve/set MAC PIB parameters
MLME-START / BEACON-NOTIFY – beacon management
MLME-POLL - beaconless synchronization
MLME-GTS - GTS management
MLME-RESET – request for MLME to perform reset
MLME-ORPHAN - orphan device management
MLME-RX-ENABLE - enabling/disabling of radio system
 

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ROLE OF NETWORK & APPLICATION LAYER

The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC along with ZigBee’s

Network and Application Support Layer provide:
•Extremely low cost
•Ease of implementation
•Reliable data transfer
•Short range operation
•Very low power consumption
•Appropriate levels of security

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF ZIGBEE NWK LAYER

•Starting a network
•Joining and leaving a network
•Configuring a new device
•Addressing
•Synchronization within a network
•Security
•Routing

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RESPONSIBILITY OF APPLICATION LAYER

The ZigBee application layer consists of

the APS sub-layer
the ZDO
 the manufacturer-defined application objects.

The responsibilities of the APS sub-layer include

maintaining tables for binding & discovery

The responsibilities of the ZDO include defining the role

of the device within the network

The manufacturer-defined application objects implement

the actual applications according to the ZigBee-defined
application descriptions
 

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SECURITY LAYER PERSPECTIVES
ZigBee uses MAC layer security to secure MAC command, beacon,
and acknowledgement frames
multi-hop messaging ZigBee relies upon upper layers (such as the
NWK layer) for security
The MAC layer uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as its
core cryptographic algorithm
. The MAC layer security suites are based on three modes of
operation. Encryption at the MAC layer is done using AES in Counter
(CTR) mode and integrity is done using AES in Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC- MAC) mode [16]. A combination of encryption and integrity is
done using a mixture of CTR and CBC- MAC modes called the CCM
mode.

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ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE OVER OTHER NETWORK
Standard Bandwidth Power Protocol Stack Stronghold Applications
Consumption Size
Wi-Fi Up to 54Mbps 400+mA TX, 100+KB High data rate Internet
standby 20mA browsing, PC
networking,
file transfers

Bluetooth 1Mbps 40mA TX, ~100+KB Interoperabilit Wireless USB,

standby 0.2mA y, cable handset,
replacement headset

ZigBee 250kbps 30mA TX, 4+32KB Long battery Remote

standby life, low cost control,
3#&956;A battery-
operated
products,
sensors

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ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE NETWORK

Cost savings – Installation without physical wiring will avoid the

$50 to $100 cost per foot of wire (includes labor costs). In addition,
robust, self configuring mesh networks will save on maintenance
costs.
Rapid commissioning – Installation and provisioning of devices can
occur rapidly and without significant costs or physical construction.
Flexibility – Placement of sensors in optimal locations allows a
network to be adaptable and reconfigurable.
In addition, placing sensors on all parts of an operation will allow
applications never before considered for manufacturing,
warehouses, and operational facilities.
Reliability – Monitoring a large number of inexpensive sensors will
offer improved control information, and capabilities to prevent
failure and avoid system downtime.

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DISADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE NETWORK

Large code size / memory footprint (limits memory available for

Application Layer).
Slow performance on 8-bit microprocessors.
Large RAM requirements for Repeaters/Routers.
Requires a lot of expertise to create the Application Layer.
Requires a lot to expertise to configure and manage the
network.
Throughput is limited.
Power consumption is relatively high.
It supports high-level protocols that facilitate interoperability.
These are currently in a primitive state and don't fit the
application well.
It is an open standard.
Products require certification to ensure compatibility.
It can take more time to develop and test a new solution.

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  ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS

• Periodic data – usually defined by the application such as a

wireless sensor or meter. Data typically is handled using a
beaconing system whereby the sensor wakes up at a set time and
checks for the beacon, exchanges data, and goes to sleep.
• Intermittent data – either application or external stimulus
defined such as a wireless light switch. Data can be handled in a
beaconless system or disconnected. In disconnected operation, the
device will only attach to the network when communications is
required, saving significant energy.
• Repetitive low latency data – uses time slot allocations such
as a security system

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CONCLUSION

 ZigBee's 32 KB is about one-third of the stack size necessary

in other wireless technologies

Unwired applications are highly sought after in many

networks

The IEEE 802.15.4–based ZigBee is designed for remote

controls and sensors, which are very many in number, but need
only small data packets and , mainly, extremely low power
consumption for(long) life.

 ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these

applications, for the reason that it enables reduced costs of
development and very fast market adoption.

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THANK
U
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 ER IES
Y Q U
AN

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