Digestive System

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Rut Herdianti P. E. 26th November 2018

Gastrointestinal
Oesophagus
Upper
Stomach

Duodenum

Jejunum

Lower Ileum
Colon

Pancreas

Accessory Liver

Gall-bladder

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy
• ~appropriate to embryology (Week 4)
• Primitive gut-endoderm (head, tail, lateral folds) + ectoderm (cranial =
stomodeum & caudal = proctodaeum)
– Fore-gut
– Mid-gut
– Hind-gut

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy
• Fore-gut
• Mid-gut
• Hind-gut

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy
• Fore-gut
• Lower Respiratory Tract
– Pharynx
– Oesophagus
Duodenal Papilla Major
– Stomach
– PROXIMAL Duodenum
– Liver & Pancreas
– Biliary Apparatus
• Mid-gut
• Hind-gut

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy
• Fore-gut
• Mid-gut
– Small Intestines (below PROXIMAL duodenum)
– Caecum & Appendix
– Ascending Colon
– 2/3 transverse colon
• Hind-gut

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Anatomy
• Fore-gut
• Mid-gut
• Hind-gut
– 1/3 distal transverse colon
– Descending colon
– Sigmoid colon
– Rectum
– Upper anal canal
• Urogenital parts

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium
b. Lamina Propria
c. Muscularis Mucosae
• Tunica Submucosa
• Tunica Muscularis
• Tunica Serosa

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium
 Covering, lining & protecting
 Absorption
 Secretion  hormonal, mucosal, enzyme
 Contractility  transport
b. Lamina Propria
Loose Connective Tissues [Blood and Lymph vessels, glands, macrophage and lymphocytes
accumulation (nodules)]
c. Muscularis Mucosae
Smooth Muscle  enhance contractility and motility

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium in Digestive Tract
1. Protective = SQUAMOUS simple or stratified
2. Secretory = COLUMNAR simple or pseudo-stratified
3. Absorptive = COLUMNAR simple
4. Absorptive/Protective = COLUMNAR simple-squamous stratified

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium in Digestive Tract
1. Protective = SQUAMOUS simple or stratified
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anus

Pharynx
Oesophagus

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium in Digestive Tract
2. Secretory = COLUMNAR simple or pseudo-stratified
Gastric

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium in Digestive Tract
3. Absorptive = COLUMNAR simple
Small intestines*
Jejunum
Duodenum *Plica circulares – Villi – Microvilli ZOOM

Surface expansion - folds

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Mucosa
a. Epithelium in Digestive Tract
4. Absorptive/Protective = COLUMNAR simple-squamous stratified
Colon
Rectum

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Histology
• Tunica Submucosa
Dense connective tissue [Blood and Lymph vessels, glands, macrophage and
lymphocytes accumulation (nodules) + Meissner’s Nerve Plexus]
• Tunica Muscularis
– Smooth muscles
• Circular
• Longitudinal
– Auerbach’s Nerve Plexus (Myenteric)
• Tunica Serous/Adventitia
– Thin loose connective tissue with mesothelium

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• General  transfer nutrients from EXTERNAL into INTERNAL body environment
• Processes:
1. Ingestion - Motility/propulsion
2. Digestion (with enzyme secretion)
a. Mechanical
b. Chemical
3. Absorption
4. Excretion

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology

1. ↓ blood glucose (nutrients)

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Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Mechanical Digestion
– Mastication
– Deglutition (Swallowing)
– Churning
• Chemical Digestion
– Carbohydrates
– Protein
– Lipids

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Mechanical Digestion
– Mastication

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Cutting

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Grinding
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– Herdianti
Rut DeglutitionP. E.
(Swallowing)
 Physiology
• Mechanical Digestion
– Mastication

– Deglutition (Swallowing)
• Voluntary Phase (Oral)
• Reflex (Pharyngeal & Oesophageal)

– Churning
Goyal et Mashimo, GI Motility Online 2006. DOI: 10.1038/gimo1

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Mechanical Digestion
– Mastication
– Deglutition (Swallowing)

– Churning

[Link]

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Chemical Digestion
Break complex chemicals into simple nutrients by digestive enzymes
– Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharide  disaccharides and monosaccharides
– Protein
• Polypeptides  amino acids
– Lipids
• Fat  Free fatty acids & monoglyceride

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Amylase Pepsin & Renin
Trypsin Lipase
Maltase
Peptidases

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Amylase Pepsin & Renin
Trypsin Lipase
Maltase
Peptidases

1. Oral
 Salivary
Amylase
2. Gastric
3. Intestine
 Pancreatic
Amylase
 Maltase

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Amylase Pepsin & Renin
Trypsin Lipase
Maltase
Peptidases

1. Gastric
 Pepsin; renin
2. Intestines
 Bile
 Pancreatic
 Intestinal

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Amylase Pepsin & Renin
Trypsin Lipase
Maltase
Peptidases

1. Gastric (little amount)

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Absorption
– Active Transport
• Primary – Na+/K+ATPase
• Secondary – Electrogradient
– Passive Transport
• Simple diffusion based on concentrations gradients

Rut Herdianti P. E.
 Physiology
• Excretion

Rut Herdianti P. E.