Geometry
Euclidean
Geometry
8 Postulates of Euclidean Plane
Lines and Planes
At least 2 points determine a line
At least 3 points determine a plane
Skew Lines vs. Parallel Lines
Parallel lines always lie on one plane
Skew lines can never be on the same plane
Lines
Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem
Triangle Inequality
In mathematics, the triangle inequality states that for any triangle, the sum of the
lengths of any two sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the
remaining side.
• It also follows that the difference between two sides
should always be less than the third side.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)
SAS
If two sides in one triangle are congruent with the corresponding sides of
another triangle and the included angle in both are congruent, then
the two triangles are congruent.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)
ASA
Triangles are congruent if any two angles and their included side are
equal in both triangles.
Congruence (SAS, ASA, SSS)
SSS
Triangles are congruent if any two angles and their included side are
equal in both triangles.
Area and Perimeter
Similarity
Angle equal
Sides proportional or have a common scale factor
Trigonometry
Trigonometry
Parallelism
Assignment
Assignment
Solution:
Vertical Angles: <1 and <3, <2 and <4, <6 and <8, <7 and <9
Alternate Interior Angles: <3 and <6, <4 and <5
Assignment
Alternate Exterior Angles: <1 and <8, <2 and <7
Corresponding Angles: <1 and <6, <2 and <5, <4 and <7, <3 and <8
Assignment
Supplementary Angles: <1 and <2, <4 and <3, <6 and <5, <7 and <8,
<1 and <4, <2 and <3, <6 and <7, <5 and <8
*As long as they form as straight lines.
Assignment
Solution:
a.) Pythagorean Theorem
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
where c is the hypotenuse
Then,
𝑐 2 = 162 + 302
𝑐 2 = 1156
𝑐 = 34 𝑐𝑚
Assignment
Solution:
b.) Perimeter: Add the three sides
𝑎 = 16, 𝑏 = 30, 𝑐 = 34
Then,
𝑃 = 16 + 30 + 34
𝑃 = 80 𝑐𝑚
Assignment
Solution:
C.) Area: Use formula.
1
𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ
Note that b and h should be the legs.
1
𝐴 = 16 30
2
𝐴 = 240 𝑐𝑚2
Assignment
Solution:
Note that equilateral triangle has three equal sides.
a.) Perimeter: Add the sides:
𝑃 = 12 + 12 + 12
𝑃 = 36 𝑚
Assignment
Solution:
Note that the interior angles of an equilateral triangles are all 60 degrees.
b.) Height:
ℎ = 6 tan(60) 𝑃 = 36 𝑚
ℎ=6 3m
𝑃 = 12 + 12 + 12
Assignment
Solution:
c.) Area
122 3
𝐴=
4
144 3
𝐴= 4
𝐴 = 36 3 m2
Assignment
Solution:
a.) Radius
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
64𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = 64
𝑟 = 8 𝑓𝑡.
b.) Circumference
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶 = 2𝜋 8
𝐶 = 16𝜋 𝑓𝑡.
Assignment
Solution: Find the area of the rectangle minus the area of the circle.
Area of the rectangle:
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = (7)(16)
𝐴1 = 112 𝑚2
Area of the circle:
2
2
7
𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋
2
49𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑚
4
Area of the shaded region:
448 − 49𝜋 2
𝐴 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = 𝑚
4
Assignment:
Solution:
a.)
𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐴= ℎ
2
12 + 16
𝐴= 5
2
𝐴 = 14 5 𝑐𝑚2
Assignment:
Solution:
b.) Find AC and BE.
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐸 = 3 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐸 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐸
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 + 3 + 12 + 16
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 34 𝑐𝑚
Assignment
Solution:
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≈ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸
Then,
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐸
4 8
=
10 𝑥
4𝑥 = 8 10
𝑥 = 20
Assignment
Solution:
A. Solve for x.
𝑥 2 + 72 = 252
𝑥 = 24
Assignment
Solution:
b.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25
sin 𝜃 = = sec 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 24 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25
cos 𝜃 = = c𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 25 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24
tan 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 24 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 7
Non-Euclidean
Geometry
Euclidean vs. Non-Euclidean
2D VS 3D
Application of Non-Euclidian
Projective Geometry
Projective geometries are characterised by the "elliptic parallel"
axiom, that any two planes always meet in just one line, or in the
plane, any two lines always meet in just one point. In other words,
there are no such things as parallel lines or planes in projective
geometry.
Central Perspectivity
Rigid Motions
Do not change the shape or size of the pre-image
Translation, Rotation, Reflection
Non-Rigid Motions
Change the size but not the shape of the pre-image.
Projective Geometry as
Mathematical System
Existence Postulates and Incidence
Postulates
Duality
Example: Duality Statements
Example: Duality Figures
Finite Geometry
A finite geometry is a geometry with a finite number of points.
Topology
In mathematics, topology is
concerned with the
properties of space that are
preserved under continuous
deformations, such as
stretching, crumpling and
bending, but not tearing or
gluing.
Topologically Equivalent
Topological Properties
Mobius Strip
One sided surface.
Klein Bottle
One sided surface. This bottle has an
outside but no inside.
Assignment
A. Hyperbolic
B. Projective
C. Euclidean
D. Topology
E. Elliptic
