Procedure for Per Unit Analysis

1. Pick S Base for the system.

2. Pick VBase according to line-to-line voltage.
3. Calculate Z Base for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

ELEN 460:Per Unit System 1

 How to Choose Base Values ?

• Divide circuit into zones by transformers.

• Specify two base values out of I B ,VB , Z B , S B ; for
example, S Base and VBase
• Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone line to
line voltage.
V1 :V2 V2 :V3 V3 :V4
Source

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

VBase1 VBase2 VBase3 VBase4
S Base VBase1
I Base1  Z Base1 
VBase1 I Base1
ELEN 460:Per Unit System 2
 Example 5.14, p. 164-166

• Given a one line diagram,

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ 5 MVA 10 MVA
Z load  300

13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV

X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u.

Find I g , I t -line , I load , Vload , and Pload .

ELEN 460:Per Unit System 3

 Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values
Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ 5 MVA 10 MVA
Z load  300

13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV

X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u.

S B  10 MVA
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
VB1  13.8kV VB2  138kV VB3  69kV
2 2 2

Z B1 
VBl1l

13.8k  2
 19.04 Z B2 
VBl2 l

138k  2
 1904 Z B3 
VBl3 l

 69k 
2
 476
SB 10M SB 10M SB 10 M
S B31 10M S B32 10M S B33 10M
I B1    418.4 I B2    41.84 I B3    83.67
3 VBl1-l 3 13.8k 3 VBl-2l 3 138k 3 VBl-3l 3  69k
ELEN 460:Per Unit System 4
 Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities
X l 2  0.08p.u.

+ old old
Z p.u. ZB
-
new
Z p.u.  Z load 300
Z new Z load,p.u.    0.63
B Z B3 476
X l1,p.u. 

0.1 13.2k  5M
2

 0.183
19.04
Vg 13.2kV
Vg,p.u.    0.9130
VB1 13.8kV

Z line 10  j100
Z line, p.u.    5.25 10 3 1  j10
Z B2 1904

ELEN 460:Per Unit System 5

Step 5: One Phase Diagram & Solve

X l1,p.u .  0.183 Z line,p.u.  5.25 10 3 1  j10 X l 2  0.08

+ Vg,p.u.  0.9130
- Z load,p.u.  0.63

Vg,p.u. 0.960
I load,p.u.    1.35  26.4
Z total,p.u. 0.70926.4
Vload,p.u.  I load,p.u. Z load,p.u.  0.8505  26.4
S load,p.u.  Vload,p.u. I load,
*
p.u.  1.148

I g,p.u.  I t -line,p.u.  I load,p.u.  1.35  26.4

ELEN 460:Per Unit System 6
 Step 6: Convert back to actual quantities

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ 5 MVA 10 MVA
Z load  300

Vload,p.u.  0.8505  26.4

13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u. S load,p.u.  1.148

I g,p.u.  I t -line,p.u.  I load,p.u.  1.35  26.4

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

I g  I g,p.u. I B1 I t -line  I t -line,p.u. I B2 I load  I load,p.u. I B3

Vload  Vload,p.u.VB3
S load  S load,p.u.S B
ELEN 460:Per Unit System 7
ELEN 460:Per Unit System 8
 Advantage of per unit calculation

• Simplify calculation by eliminating transformers.

• Helps to spot data errors
– p.u. is more uniform compare to actual impedance
value of different sizes of equipment.
• Helps to detect abnormality in the system
– Operator at control center can spot over/under
voltage/current rating easily.

ELEN 460:Per Unit System 9