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OFDM: Techniques and Challenges

This document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It provides an introduction to OFDM, explaining why it was developed and some of its key advantages over single carrier modulation techniques for dealing with multipath interference. It then describes the basic transmitter and receiver designs for OFDM. The document notes that one of the main problems with OFDM is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and introduces several techniques for reducing the PAPR, including active constellation extension, constant envelope, partial transmit sequence, repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering, and selective mapping.

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15 views13 pages

OFDM: Techniques and Challenges

This document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It provides an introduction to OFDM, explaining why it was developed and some of its key advantages over single carrier modulation techniques for dealing with multipath interference. It then describes the basic transmitter and receiver designs for OFDM. The document notes that one of the main problems with OFDM is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and introduces several techniques for reducing the PAPR, including active constellation extension, constant envelope, partial transmit sequence, repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering, and selective mapping.

Uploaded by

gursimran009
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing

PROJECT MENTOR : PRESENTED BY:


[Link] JHA GERIJ SHARMA
LOVEPREET SINGH
VIJAY KUNIYAL
CONTENTS
 WHY OFDM ?
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
 PROBLEMS WITH OFDM
 INTODUCTION TO PAPR
 TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME PAPR
 FUTURE WORK
WHY OFDM ?
• The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
transmission scheme is the optimum version of the multicarrier
transmission scheme. In the past, as well as in the present, the
OFDM is referred in the literature Multi-carrier, Multi-tone and
Fourier Transform.
• OFDM was first proposed as a way of dealing with multipath. One of
the problems with single carrier modulations (SCM) is that, in a
given environment, the symbol interval becomes much shorter than
the delay spread at high data rate condition. To resolve this problem
with multi-carrier modulation formats, the data rate on its subcarrier
is less than the original one. The basic idea is that if you take a signal
and send it over multiple low-rate carriers instead of a single high-
rate carrier, then inter-symbol interference (ISI) is eliminated and
multipath effects can be compensated with a much simpler equalizer.
• OFDM was invented more than 40 years ago.
• OFDM has been adopted for several technologies:
– Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
services.
– IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16a.
– Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB).
– Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in
Europe, ISDB in Japan
– 4G, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE
802.20.
INTRODUCTION
 SPREADING THE DATA OVER LARGE
NUMBER OF SUB-CARRIERS

 OFDM = FDM + ORTHOGONALITY

 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
PROBLEMS WITH OFDM

 ORTHOGONALITY

 PAPR(Peak to average ratio)


PAPR (power to average ratio)

• There are some obstacles in using OFDM in


transmission system in contrast to its advantages. A
major obstacle is that the OFDM signal exhibits a
very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
Therefore, RF power amplifiers should be operated in
a very large linear region. Otherwise, the signal peaks
get into non-linear region of the power amplifier
causing signal distortion.
• The other limitation of OFDM in many
applications is that it is very sensitive to
frequency errors caused by frequency
differences between the local oscillators in the
transmitter and the receiver. Carrier frequency
offset causes a number of impairments
including attenuation and rotation of each of
the subcarriers and inter carrier interference
(ICI) between subcarriers.
TECHNIQUES FOR
REMOVAL OF PAPR
 ACTIVE CONSTELLATION EXTENSION
 CONSTANT ENVELOPE
 PTS TECHNIQUE
 REPEATED CLIPPING & FREQUENCY DOMAIN
FREQUENCY
 SLM
THANKS FOR YOUR
PRECIOUS TIME

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