PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by

Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC  CUNY

13
Infectious and
Noninfectious
Conditions:
Risks and
Responsibilities

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Assessing Your Disease Risks

 Risk factors you can’t control

• Heredity
• Aging
• Environmental Conditions
• Organism Resistance

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Assessing Your Disease Risks

 Risk factors you can control

• Stress
• Nutrition
• Physical activity
• Sleep
• Drug use
• Personal hygiene
• High risk behaviors

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Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission

 Transmission
• Direct contact
• Indirect contact
• Autoinoculate yourself
• Transmit from one part of body to another
• Animal-borne pathogens
• Interspecies transmission

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

 Physical and chemical defenses

• Skin
• Enzymes
• Body temperature
• Linings of the body

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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

 The immune system

• Immunity
• Antigens
• Antibodies
• Immunoglobulins
• Humoral immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes

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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

 Autoimmune diseases
• Immune deficiency syndrome
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
 Fever
• Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme
• High temperatures can destroy some disease causing
organisms
• Stimulates more white blood cell production

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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

 Pain
• Response to either direct or referred pain
• Most often accompanied by inflammation
 Vaccines
• Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory
• Acquired immunity
• Natural immunity

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The Immune Response

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Figure 13.1
Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by
Vaccine and Age Group

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Figure 13.2
Living with Allergies

 Allergy-induced respiratory problems

• Antigen or allergen
• Production of antibodies
• Hypersensitive reaction
• Release of histamines

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Steps of an Allergic Response

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Figure 13.3
Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission

 Bacteria
• Single-celled organisms
• Staphylococcal infections
• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
• Streptococcal infections
• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis (TB)

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Examples of 4 Major Types of Pathogens

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Figure 13.4
Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission

 Viruses
• Smallest pathogens
• Protein structures
• Incubation periods
 The common cold
 Influenza
 Infectious mononucleosis
 Hepatitis: 3 types (HAV, HBV, HCV)
 Measles

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Is It an Allergy, a Cold, or the Flu?

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Figure 13.5
Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission

 Other pathogens
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms
• Prions

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Emerging and Resurgent Diseases

 Tiny microbes
• Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis-
BSE)
• West Nile Virus
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Avian Bird Flu (H5N1)
• Escherichia coli 0157:H7
• Bioterrorism

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ABC News: Infectious Disease

Play | Infectious Disease

Video

 Discussion Questions
• What is the difference between an epidemic and
pandemic?
• What animals, other than birds, have been identified as
having the “Bird flu?”
• What strategies have the Thailand Ministry of Public
Health and the Centers for Disease Control designed to
monitor the spread of the Bird Flu in Thailand?

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 History
• Also called STDs, once called venereal diseases (VD)
• 20 known types of STIs
• In the U.S, 19 million new cases reported every year
 Possible causes
• Moral and social stigma
• Casual attitude toward sex
• Ignorance about infections/symptoms

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 How STIs are transmitted

• Sexual intercourse
• Oral-genital contact
• Hand-genital contact
• Anal
• Mouth to mouth contact
• Contact with fluids from body sores

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Signs or Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted
Infection

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Figure 13.6
Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Chlamydia
• 2.8 million infected annually in the U.S.
• Over 10 % college students
• Many display no symptoms
• Secondary damage can lead to sterility
• Conjunctivitis

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Gonorrhea
• One of the most common STIs in the U.S.
• CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year
• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Early treatment: antibiotics
• Complications with non-treatment
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian
tubes/ovaries
• Can result from untreated infections

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Syphilis
• Caused by a bacterial organism
• Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum
• Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late
• Treatment: antibiotics

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Syphilis Chancre

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Herpes
• Herpes simplex type 1
• Herpes simplex type 2
• Especially serious in pregnant women – possible to
transfer infection to baby during birth
• In women with herpes, greater risk for cervical cancer
 Preventing herpes
• Awareness
• Extreme caution in casual sexual affairs
• Seek medical help

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Genital and Oral Herpes

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Genital warts (Human Papilloma Virus - HPV)

• Over 100 different types of HPV
• Infect over 6.2 million Americans each year
• Full-blown genital warts or flat warts
 Health risks from genital warts
• Dysplasia – change in cells that may lead to a
precancerous condition
 Vaccine to prevent HPV

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Genital Warts

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Candidiasis (moniliasis)
• Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans
• Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling
• Vaginitis
 Trichomoniasis
• Caused by a protozoan
• Half of American men and women carry this organism
• Many remain symptom-free

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Sexually Transmitted Infections

 Pubic lice
• “Crabs”
• Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens
 General urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Sexual transmission
• Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital
area

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HIV/AIDS

 Facts
• Global health problem
• Since 1981, over 65 million people in the world have
become infected with HIV
• 39.5 million living with HIV
 A shifting epidemic
• Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the
master immune cell
• Improved reporting/accuracy

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HIV/AIDS

 How HIV is transmitted

• Engaging in high risk behaviors
• Exchange of body fluids
• Injecting drugs
• Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985
• Mother-to-infant transmission (perinatal)

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HIV/AIDS

 Women and AIDS

• Women represented 27% of newly reported AIDS cases
in 2005
 Special concerns for women with HIV/AIDS
• 4-10 times more likely than men to contract HIV
through unprotected sexual intercourse
• Underrepresented in clinical trials for treatment and
prevention
• Cultural barriers to decision-making

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Sources of HIV Infection in Men and Women in
the United States

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Figure 13.7
HIV/AIDS

 Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
• Incubation time varies greatly
• For HIV positive adults with no medical treatment,
AIDS will develop in 8-10 years
• Opportunistic infections

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HIV/AIDS

 Testing for HIV antibodies

• Blood test known as ELISA
• Western blot – follows 2 positive ELISA
• These tests detect antibodies
• Even with antibodies, not all develop AIDS
• A cure does NOT exist

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HIV/AIDS

 New hope and treatments

• New drugs slow progression of virus
• Medication currently very expensive and cause many
side effects
• Protease inhibitors/reverse transcriptase
 Preventing HIV infection
• No vaccine currently available
• Reduce risk by responsible choices and behaviors
• Abstinence or safe sexual practices

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Noninfectious Diseases

 More than just major ailments such as cancer and

heart disease
• Most other chronic conditions can be prevented or
symptoms alleviated
• Generally not transmitted by pathogen or personal
contact
• Lifestyle and personal habits often underlying causes

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Chronic Lung Diseases

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Asthma

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Chronic Lung Diseases

 Bronchitis
• Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes
• Reduced air flow from the lungs/heavy mucous
• Acute bronchitis: symptoms improve in a few weeks
• Chronic bronchitis: last for at leas 3 months, serious
form

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Chronic Lung Diseases

 Emphysema
• Gradual destruction of alveoli
• More and more difficult to exhale
• Victim struggles to take in air
• Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest)

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Chronic Lung Diseases

 Asthma
• Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks
airflow to the lungs
• Air pollutants, particulates, smoke, allergens and stress
can trigger an asthma attack
• Extrinsic (allergic asthma) or intrinsic (nonallergic)
• Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)
• Relief: relaxation techniques, medications

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Chronic Lung Diseases

 Sleep apnea
• Affects more than 18 million Americans
• Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds
or longer
• Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, irregular
heart beats, heart attack, stroke
• Common treatments: reduce alcohol use, losing weight,
change sleeping position, medicinal interventions

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Neurological Disorders

 Headaches
• Tension headaches: muscular contraction headaches
• Treatments: relaxation, hot water, massage, pain
medication
• Migraine headaches: severe debilitating symptoms
• Treatments: ergot drugs, other medications
• Cluster headaches: more rare forms; “killer” or
“suicidal” pain
• Treatments: oxygen therapy, drugs, surgery

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Neurological Disorders

 Seizure disorders
• Epilepsy
• 2 million people in the U.S. suffer some form of seizure-
related disorder
• Two categories
• Partial
• Generalized
• About half are of unknown origin
• Promising treatments today

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Neurological Disorders

 Parkinson’s Disease
• Chronic, slow neurological condition
• Over 1.5 million Americans suffer from it
• “Shaking palsy”, rigid or stiff muscles, poor balance,
slurred speech
• Progressive and incurable
• New drug therapies to control symptoms / new surgical
procedures show promise

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Neurological Disorders

 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

• Affects over 500,000 Americans
• Degenerative disease
• Nerve malfunctions from break down by myelin
• Typically appears between 15 and 50 years of age
• Cause: Inconclusive theories

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Digestion-Related Disorders

 Lactose intolerance
• No ability to produce digestive enzyme lactase
• Dietary treatment
 Colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ulcerative colitis
• Severe stomach cramps, weight loss, nausea, sweating,
fever
• Treatment: Increase fiber intake, anti-inflammatory
drugs, other medications

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Musculoskeletal Diseases

 Arthritis
• Strikes 1 in 5 Americans/ over 46 million
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
 Fibromyalgia
• Chronic joint pain, headaches, dizziness, numbness, etc.
• Array of symptoms
• Difficult to diagnose

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Musculoskeletal Diseases

 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE or Lupus)

• Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack
kidneys, brain, heart
• 90% of all victims are female
 Low back pain (LBP)
• 85% of Americans will experience LBP
• 90% of all back problems in lumbar region (lower)

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Other Maladies

 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

• Feeling tired all the time
• No viral cause found, possible psychosocial roots
 Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs)
• 25% of work injuries
• High costs to employers in workers’ compensation and
absenteeism

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