MEM 818
HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Francis and Kaplan Turbines
Constructional Details & Velocity Triangles
SUBMITTED BY:
AARTA PRASAD
[Link]. Final Yr
Mechanical
D.E.I
CONTENTS
• Turbine
• Reaction Turbine
• Components
• Spiral Casing
• Guide Vanes
• Runner
• Draft Tube
• Francis Turbine
• Kaplan Turbine
TURBINE
• A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of
water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work.
• Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
Classification of Turbines
REACTION TURBINE
• If the water at the turbine intel posses both pressure and kinetic
energy, then the turbine is reaction turbine.
• The water enters the turbine under pressure and flow over the
vanes.
• The pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy in the runner.
Therefore, the relative velocity is not constant but increases through
the runner. There is, therefore, a pressure difference across the
runner.
• The pressure head of the water is converted into velocity head and is
finally reduced to atmospheric pressure before leaving the wheel.
Figure 1: Reaction Turbine
COMPONENTS
There are 4 major parts of the
reaction turbine:
• Spiral Casing
• Guide vanes
• Runner and Runner Blades
• Draft tube
Figure 2: Components of Reaction Turbine
SPIRAL CASING
• The water, from penstock, is distributed around the guide ring in a casing.
• The casing is designed in such a way that its cross sectional area goes on reducing uniformly
around the circumference i.e. maximum at the entrance, and minimum at the tip.
• As a result of this, the casing will be of spiral shape, that is why it is called a spiral casing or
scroll casing.
Spiral Casing
Materials Used
Concrete – up to 30m head
Welded rolled steel plate- up to 100m
head
Cast steel –more then 100m head.
Figure 3: Spiral Casing
GUIDE VANES
• Guide vanes are fitted at entrance of runner.
• These vanes direct the water on to the
runner at an angle appropriate to the design
and allow the water to enter the runner
without shock.
• The primary function of the guide vanes is
to convert the pressure energy of the fluid
into the kinetic energy.
• The vanes allow the water to flow over
them, without forming eddies.
• The vanes allow the required quantity of
water to enter the turbine.
Figure 4: Guide Vanes
RUNNER
The runner of reaction turbine consists of runner blades
fixed either to a shaft or ring, depending upon the type of
turbine.
The blades are properly designed, in order to allow the
water to enter and leave the runner without shock. The
runner is keyed to a shaft.
Low heads, the runner may be made of cast
iron.
MATERIAL
for high head, runner is made of steel or
alloys
For chemically impure water, the runner is
made of the special alloys.
Figure 5: Runner
• Runner blades are the heart of any turbine.
• These are the centres where the fluid strikes and the tangential
force of the impact causes the shaft of the turbine to rotate,
producing torque.
• When water flows over it, a low pressure will be induced on
one side, and high pressure on the other side. This will result in
a lift force.
Figure 6: Water Flow in Runner
Figure 7: Lift Force Formation
DRAFT TUBE
The water, after passing through the runner, flow
down through a tube called draft tube.
It is, generally, drowned approximately 1m below
the tail race level so that atmospheric pressure
can’t effect its flow.
Figure 8: Draft Tube
A draft tube has the following function.
i. It increases the head of water by an amount
equal to height of the runner outlet above the
tail race.
ii. It increases efficiency of the turbine.
Figure 9:Various shapes of Draft Tube
FRANCIS TURBINE
• Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine developed by an
English born American Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis.
• It is the type of water turbine and are used for medium
head(45-400m) and medium discharge (10-700 m^3/s).
• It is the inward flow reaction turbine having radial
discharge at outlet.
• In Modern Francis Turbine, the water enters the turbine
through the outer periphery of the runner in the radial
direction and leaves the runner in the axial direction,
and hence it is called ‘mixed flow turbine’.
• In Francis turbine, the working fluid comes to the
turbine under immense pressure and the energy is
extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid.
Figure 10: Francis Turbine
Velocity Triangle At Inlet
V1=Absolute velocity of water
U1=Tangential Velocity of wheel
Vr1=Relative velocity of water to wheel
Vf1=Velocity of flow
Vw1=Velocity of whirl
At Outlet
V2=Vf2=Absolute velocity of water
as Vw2=0 (discharge at outlet is radial)
U2=Tangential Velocity of wheel
Vr2=Relative velocity of water to wheel
α= Angle at which water enters the wheel (guide
blade angle)
β= Angle at which water leaves the wheel
ϴ=Angle of blade tip at inlet(vane angle)
Figure 11: Velocity Triangle of Francis Turbine
Ф=Angle of blade tip at outlet(vane angle)
KAPLAN TURBINE
• The Kaplan turbine is the evolution of the
Francis turbine.
• It is an axial-flow reaction turbine in which
the flow of water is parallel to the shaft.
• The Kaplan turbine is named in honor of its
inventor, Viktor Kaplan (1876–1934).
• The application of Kaplan turbines are from
a head of 2m to 40m
• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which
has adjustable blades and is used for low
heads and high discharges.
Figure 12: Kaplan Turbine
OPERATION OF KAPLAN TURBINE
Guide Vanes Velocity Triangle
Runner Blades
Hub
At Inlet
Draft Tube V1=Vf1=Absolute velocity of water (as
the direction of water if axial)
U1=Tangential Velocity of wheel
Vr1=Relative velocity of water to wheel
At Outlet
Figure 13: Runner of Kaplan Turbine V2=Vf2=Absolute velocity of water
(discharge at outlet is axial)
U2=Tangential Velocity of wheel
Vr2=Relative velocity of water to wheel
Figure 14: Velocity Triangle of Kaplan Turbine
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