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Understanding Kicks in Drilling Operations

Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon reservoirs can originate from several factors. High pore pressures can develop due to discontinuities in the formation that allow higher pore pressure to accumulate. The document provides an example calculation to determine the overpressure and correct mud weight needed to drill a reservoir with a top at 10,000 ft, reservoir height of 500 ft, normal gradient of 0.45 psi/ft, and an observed gradient within the reservoir of 0.1 psi/ft. The overpressure is calculated to be 175 psi, and the correct mud weight to drill the reservoir is determined to be 9.62 ppg. Bottom hole pressure is related to the hydrostatic head of the drilling fluid in the annulus.

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Muhammad Shahrukh
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38 views19 pages

Understanding Kicks in Drilling Operations

Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon reservoirs can originate from several factors. High pore pressures can develop due to discontinuities in the formation that allow higher pore pressure to accumulate. The document provides an example calculation to determine the overpressure and correct mud weight needed to drill a reservoir with a top at 10,000 ft, reservoir height of 500 ft, normal gradient of 0.45 psi/ft, and an observed gradient within the reservoir of 0.1 psi/ft. The overpressure is calculated to be 175 psi, and the correct mud weight to drill the reservoir is determined to be 9.62 ppg. Bottom hole pressure is related to the hydrostatic head of the drilling fluid in the annulus.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Shahrukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Kick Fundamentals

• Causes of Kicks
– Abnormal pressures

• Kick Detection
• Fluid Monitoring
• Kick Warning Signs
• Response to Indicators
The Origins of (over)Pressures

Generation, Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons


Origins of Abnormal Pressures
Abnormal Pressures
Sst Form Pressure
Conditions
Normal Pressured
• Source rock Lst

Formation Pore Grad’t


• Communication Path (0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

• Reservoir Rock
Shale
Clst
RE ALW
SE
RV AYS h
OIR ig
PR her
– seal ES
SU
R E
– containment
Sst Gas/Oil
– porosity Gradient

– permeability
–
Clst Normal Pressured
hydrocarbons? Formation

4
Origins of Abnormal Pressures

Abnormal Pressures Sst Form Pressure

Conditions Normal Pressured


Formation Ppore Grad’t
Lst
(0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

• Source rock
• Communication Path
Shale

HIG HER PORE

• Reservoir Rock
PRESSURE Due to
Discontinuity

• overburden
MUCH
HIG HER
Sst Gas/Oil Gradient Reservoir

• containment Pressure

• porous Clst Normal Pressured

• permeable Formation Ppore Grad’t

• hydrocarbons? 5
Origins of Abnormal Pressures
• What is the pressure at
Sst Form Pressure
top reservoir?
• What is the Lst
Normal Pressured

Formation Pore Grad’t


Overpressure? (0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

• Depth bottom reservoir = Shale


Clst
RE ALW
SE
RV AYS h
10000 ft OIR ig
PR her
ES
SU
•
R E
Normal fluid gradient =
0.45 psi/ft Sst Gas/Oil
Gradient

• Reservoir height = 500 ft


Clst Normal Pressured
• Reservoir fluid grad. = 0.1 Formation

psi/ft
4
Origins of Abnormal Pressures
What is the pressure at top
Sst Form Pressure
reservoir?
Normal Pressured
Lst

Formation Pore Grad’t


(10000 x 0.45) - (500 x 0.1) = (0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

4450 psi Shale


Clst
RE ALW
SE
RV AYS h
_____________________ OIR ig
PR her
ES
SU
R E
[Normal Pressure =
Sst Gas/Oil
(10000 - 500) x 0.45 Gradient

= 4275 psi] Clst Normal Pressured


Formation

4
Origins of Abnormal Pressures
What is the Overpressure?
Sst Form Pressure
Pressure at top reservoir -
Normal Pressured
Normal Pressure Lst

Formation Pore Grad’t


(0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

(10000 x 0.45) - (500 x 0.1) Shale


Clst
RE ALW
SE
RV AYS h
= 4450 psi OIR ig
PR her
ES
SU
R
(10000 - 500) x .45 E

= 4275 psi Sst Gas/Oil


Gradient
DP = 4450 psi - 4275 psi
DP = 175 psi Clst Normal Pressured
Formation

4
Origins of Abnormal Pressures
What is the Correct Mud
Weight to Drill the Reservoir? Sst Form Pressure

Normal Pressured
Lst

Pressure at top reservoir - Formation Pore Grad’t


(0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)
(10000 x 0.45) - (500 x 0.1) Shale
Clst
RE ALW
= 4450 psi SE
RV AYS h
OIR ig
PR her
ES
SU
R E
Mud weight = 4450 + 300 psi
Gas/Oil
9500 Sst

Gradient
= 0.50 psi/ft
= 9.62 ppg Clst Normal Pressured
Formation

4
Pressure Depth Relationships
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
• Using HH in annulus only Pdrill pipe
– HH = (ppg/0.52) x Depth
– HH = r x Depth Surface
SurfacePressure
Pressureisistaken
as
asZero
Zero
taken

• Using HH in drillpipe only


– HH = (ppg/0.52) x Depth BHP
BHPis
isrelated
relatedto:-
to:-
Hydr.
Hydr. Head
Head
– HH = r x Depth Annulus
Annulus
ONLY
ONLY

Take
TakeANNULUS
ANNULUS
as a REFERENCE
as a REFERENCEpoint
point
(because
(becauseyou
youknow
know
PPsurf=0)
surf=0)
1
Pressure Depth Relationships
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
• Using HH in annulus only:
Pdrill pipe
BHP = HH mud + SICP
BHP = (rm x Depth) + SICP Pcasing
When
Whenwell isClosed-in
wellis Closed-in
Surface
SurfacePressures
Pressuresare are
PPcasing
casing&&P Pdrillpipe
drillpipe

• Using HH in drillpipe only: BHP


BHPrelated
relatedto:-
to:-

BHP = HH mud + SIDP HH an++PPcasing


HHan casing
or
or
dp++PPdrillpipe
BHP = (rm x Depth) + SIDP
HH
HHdp drillpipe

2
Pressure Depth Relationships
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP)
with gas influx
• Using HH in annulus only: Pdrill pipe

BHP = HH mud + HH inf.+ SICP Pcasing


With
WithIinflux
Iinfluxin
inwell
welland
andwith
with
wellClosed-in
well

BHP = (rm x (Depth - hinf.) +


Closed-in
Surface
SurfacePressures
Pressuresare
are
HHmud SICP
SICP &
& SIDP
SIDP

(rinf x hinf) BHP


BHPrelated
Hydr.
relatedto:-
Heads P
to:-
Hydr. Heads + Pcasing
+ casing
HHinflux or
• Using HH in drillpipe only:
or
Hydr. Heads++P
Hydr. Heads Pd’pipe
d’pipe

Remember
Rememberto totake:-
take:-
BHP = HH mud + SIDP HHmud Mud
MudColumn
ColumnxxMud
Gradient
Gradient
Mud
++

BHP = (rm x Depth) + SIDP Gas


GasColumn
ColumnxxGas
GasGradient
Gradient

3
Causes of Kicks 1
What is the Overpressure?
Sst Form Pressure
Pressure at top reservoir -
Normal Pressure Lst

(10000 x 0.45) - (500 x 0.1) Shale


Clst

= 4450 psi
(10000 - 500) x .45
= 4275 psi Sst Gas/Oil
Gradient
DP = 4450 psi - 4275 psi
DP = 175 psi Clst Normal Pressured
Formation

4
Causes of Kicks 2

Abnormal Pressures Sst Form Pressure

Conditions Normal Pressured


Formation Ppore Grad’t
Lst
(0.445 – 0.480 psi/ft)

• Source rock
• Communication Path
Shale

HIGHER PORE

• Reservoir Rock PRESSURE Due to


Discontinuity

• overburden Gas/Oil G radient


Dr illing
Br eak!

• containment
Sst

• porous Clst

• permeable Mud Grad.


Less than
• hydrocarbons? Res. Pressure. 5
Kicks As a Result of Surface
Initiated Practices
Swabbing
Risk increased by:
Mud gradient
• Pulling pipe too fast
• Poor mud condition
Form.
– Viscvocity Pressure
– Gel strength
– Mud cake Swab
• Balled bit/stabs Pressure

• Hole / BHA geometry


• Insufficient trip margin
Trip Margin
Kicks As a Result of Surface
Initiated Practices
Surging
Risk increased by:
• Running pipe too fast
• Poor mud condition
Form. Strength
– Viscvocity
– Gel strength
Surge Pressure
– Mud cake
• Balled bit/stabs Form. Pressure
• Hole / BHA geometry
• Excessive trip margin
Trip Margin
Avoiding Kicks
Set Casing
Casing set in Competent Rock Raise Mud Weight
Seal

Gas
gradient
Drilling fluid
gradient
Oil
gradient

Fractures
Source
Rock

Pressure “Normal”
Overbalance
approx
200 psi
Leak-off, Integrity &
Propogation (1)
Leak-off Graph

MAASP
Breakdown Pressure
Maximum Allowable
Annular Surface Leak-off or
Fracture Pressure
Pressure
• Calculated from:
Surface Pressure [bar]
– leak-off test data Propogation Pressure

– drilling fluid gradient


– updated when either
parameter changes Sta rt of St eady Trend

Volume Pumped
6
Why Kicks Occur

Formation water
gradient
Seal

Gas
gradient

Oil
gradient

Drilling fluid
gradient

Fractures

Source
Rock

Pressure “Normal”
Overbalance
approx
200 psi
“Gas Effect” leading to Over-pressures

Formation water
gradient
Seal

Gas
gradient

Oil
gradient

Fractures

Source
Rock

Pressure

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