Irreversible loading of optical lattices

Rotation of cold atoms

Chris Foot

University of Oxford

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Outline
Superfluidity – tested by the response to rotation
TOP trap  rotating elliptical potential
Observation of the scissors mode  damping
Nucleation of vortices
Rf-modified magnetic trapping  toroidal trap (persistent
current)
Rotation of optical lattice  artificial B-field
Theory
Proposed experiment

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Magnetic coils and vacuum cell

TOP trap
Time-orbiting potential

BEC
105 rubidium atoms.
Temperature ~ 50 nK
Density ~ 1014 cm-3

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Shape of BEC in a TOP trap

View from top y

x
Pancake (oblate)
rather than a cigar
(prolate) as in
Ioffe traps. Side view z

x
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Quantised circulation in a quantum fluid

 The velocity field  phase gradient ħ

v  (r )
M
 Hence velocity field is irrotational
v  0
 Circulation around a closed contour is quantised
ħ
 ħ

c [Link]  m c  .dl  m 2  integer
• Zero circulation = irrotational flow
• Non-zero circulation = vortices

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Types of flow

Irrotational flow Rotational flow

v  0 v  0

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Excitation ofofscissors
Excitation mode
scissors mode
z
(a)

Trap tilted  q

adiabatically x
to angle 

z
(b)
Trap suddenly
rotated by -2
2
2 q

(c)

Cloud oscillates
about new
equilibrium c.f. torsion pendulum
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Scissors mode results
10
Thermal cloud - two frequencies
5
f=481(1)
1 Hz
0 f=226.4(0.6) Hz
Angle (deg)

-5
G=13(3) Hz
-10

-15

-20
5 10 15 20
Time (ms)

10
Condensate - single frequency
Described in
5

0 f=382(1)
scis Hz
Angle (deg)

-5
G=15(5) Hz
Pitaevskii & Stringari
-10
Oxford University
-15

-20
Press 2003
5 10 15 20
Time (ms)

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006 f=127.6(0.9)

radial Hz
 Scissors mode = irrotational flow
z

x
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Rotation of the confining magnetic potential
Impart angular momentum using rotating
elliptical potential

BEC

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Nucleation of a single vortex

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Thresholds for vortex nucleation

0 .1 8
0 .1 6
0 .1 4 II
0 .1 2

 0
0
.1
.0
0
8
V O R T IC E S
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2 N O V O R T IC E S N O V O R T IC E S
0 .0 0
0 .5 6 0 .6 0 0 .6 4 0 .6 8 0 .7 2 0 .7 6 0 .8 0 0 .8 4


 Critical frequency c2 Eleanor Hodby et al
 Line II : stability boundary for the quadrupole II branch.
 Vortices nucleated below 
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Rotational also introduces ‘centrifugal’ term into the Hamiltonian

Radial harmonic potential ‘Centrifugal’ term

Radial trapping decreases as   

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Thresholds for vortex nucleation

0 .1 8
0 .1 6
0 .1 4 II
0 .1 2

 0
0
.1
.0
0
8
V O R T IC E S
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2 N O V O R T IC E S N O V O R T IC E S
0 .0 0
0 .5 6 0 .6 0 0 .6 4 0 .6 8 0 .7 2 0 .7 6 0 .8 0 0 .8 4


 Critical frequency c2
 Line II : stability boundary for the quadrupole II branch.
 Vortices nucleated below 
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Nucleation of a single vortex

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Nucleation of an array of vortices

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

c.f. other expts at ENS, MIT, JILA
 Observing the Tilting Mode
( side view of the vortex array )

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Precession of angle of condensate with vortex lattice

   lz
 precession   = 27.75 Hz
2 2m x  z
2 2

< lz > = 8.4 ± 0.4 ħ

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Spectrum of BEC modes in modified TOP trap
5 Quadrupole
& Breat hing

¡ 1 & 3z2-1
x
In-phase
4

3
p xz & yz
22√22
z
2 Out-of-phase 2 x down-conversion
2
1 & 3z -1
p
m=2
√22 2 2
x&y x -y & xy
1
2 x

0
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Beliaev damping of the scissors mode
Excite scissors mode
Energy in m=2 quadrupole mode

Energy in scissors mode

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Resonance of the Beliaev process

Beliaev damping resonantly enhanced for certain geometries

Scissors mode frequency = 2 × (quadrupole mode frequency)

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Two-dimensional trapping of Bose gas

• Weak radial confinement by the magnetic trap

• Squeeze atoms between two sheets of light
•Creates a thin sheet of atoms = 2D Bose gas
z BEC

z = 2 kHz
 = 10 Hz Physics of 2-D systems, BKT transition
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Combined optical and magnetic trap
Contours of the magnetic potential
z

Light sheets
x

magnetic potential
MF = -1

MF = 0
x

MF = +1

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Modification of 2-D trap by radio frequency radiation
magnetic potential dressed-atom potential
MF = -1

rf rf
MF = 0
x rf rf x

MF = +1

dressed-atom picture

rf rf
Proposed by
rf rf Zobay and
Garraway
PRL (2001)
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 TOP trap

Apply 1.15 MHz field

using TOP coils

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Trapping potential: Static + RF fields

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Ring shaped cloud of atoms (March 2007)

Will Heathcote, Eileen Nugent, Ben Sheard:

application to persistent currents

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Trap frequencies as function of Bias field

Magnetic trap, no rf

Static + rf fields

March 2007
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Method to excite a persistent current ?

Toroidal potential Introduce angle dependence in rotating frame

Potential at r = const.
Potential at r = const.
 

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Overview of cold atoms/molecules

Dilute Atoms in
quantum gases: optical lattices:
BEC
Fermi gas Physics of
Cold molecules
strongly correlated
systems

Condensed Matter Quantum Information

Quantum fluids: Physics Processing
superfluid helium

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Simulation of Condensed Matter Systems

Hamiltonian of atoms in optical lattice = Hamiltonian of CMP system

E.g. Fraction Quantum Hall Effect

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Mathematical equivalence of rotation on cold atoms and the effect
of a magnetic field on charged particles (electrons)


Coriolis force: F = 2m v x 
Lorentz force: F = q(E v x B )
q Beff = 2m 
For electron, q e
Cyclotron frequency, c eB 2rot
m

Analogous transformation of the quantum

mechanical Hamiltonian. Momentum, p  p  e A
where the magnetic vector potential eA  m   r

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Rotational also introduces ‘centrifugal’ term into the Hamiltonian

Radial harmonic potential ‘Centrifugal’ term

Radial trapping decreases as   

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Energy levels of a 2-D harmonic oscillator

-1 m= 1

m= 0

Near degeneracy as   
Interactions mix states: single particle states 
strongly correlated multi-particle states

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Fractional quantum Hall states
FQHE states predicted in BEC at fast rotation frequencies:
Wilkin and Gunn, Ho, Paredes et al., Cooper et al,…

N  Number of atoms
( cf. filling factor,  )
Nv Number of vortices

Lindemann criterion Zoo of strongly correlated states

suggests that the vortex
lattice melts when Composite fermions
Read-Rezayi
Moore-Read
Laughlin
Vortex
lattice

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Atoms in a rotating lattice. Define new parameter 

Theory: R. Palmer & D. Jaksch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 180407 (2006)

Phase shift from hopping around one lattice cell is 

d   = flux through loop

   2m d2 eBeff d2  

h h h/e
h/e flux quantum
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Particles in a lattice have fractal distribution of eigenenergies
E
Hofstadter Butterfly
Reach much higher fields
than in conventional CMP
experiments

Continuum: Landau levels

En = ħ eB ( n + 1/2)
m
E

0 0.5 B 1
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
B
 High-field FQHE

The optical lattice setup allows to explore parameter regimes which

are not accessible otherwise  beyond mimicking condensed matter

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Experiment in Oxford

Microscope for
quantum matter.

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Two-dimensional rotating optical lattice

+ =

Confinement along z
by two sheets of laser
light (not shown).

High NA lens

Funded by ESF
EuroQUAM programme

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Summary
Scissors mode and vortices
Superfluidity

Measurements of frequency and damping of modes

probe BEC

Combined optical and magnetic trap

2-D Bose gas

Magnetic trap + rf = toroidal potential for dressed-state

persistent current (superposition of different states of rotation)

Rotating optical lattice gives term in atomic Hamiltonian analogous to an

applied magnetic field of a charged particle (e.g. electron)
Highly correlated quantum states as in Fractional Quantum Hall Effect

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Acknowledgments

People: Funding:
Chris Foot
Eileen Nugent
EPSRC
Will Heathcote ESF
Ben Sheard
Ben Fletcher
Andrian Harsono
Ross Williams
Amita Deb
Giuseppe Smirne
Min Sung Yoon
Herbert Crepaz

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 ‘Phase diagram’ for vortex nucleation
Trap deform ation,
0.2 No atoms
e

Vortices

0.1

No vortices
0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Normalised rotation rate, W
Key
Dipole driving resonance, e = (1- 4W2)1/2
Lower vortex nucleation boundary (experimental), e = -0.91 W + 0.66
3/ 2
 2  1 
2
2  
Stability boundary of Quadrupole II branch,  
  3 
 
2
Stability boundary of Quadrupole I branch, e = 1 - W
2
Stability boundary of Quadrupole III branch, e = W - 1

No atoms.
Left: Parametric driving of dipole oscillation in rotating frame
Right: Centre of mass unstable
Vortices nucleated
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006 Condensate stable but no vortices
 Rate of Beliaev process proportion to Temperature?

150

100
 (s )
-1

50

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Unpublished data T/T0

(theory does not predict a straight line?)
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Scissors mode + vortex = ‘Superfluid gyroscope’

Nilsen, McPeake &

McCann
Queens University,
Belfast
Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006
 Hall Effect

Pictures from David Leadley, Warwick.

Integer quantum Hall effect in

a GaAs-GaAlAs
heterojunction, at 30mK.

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Hall current measurements

R.N. Palmer and D. Jaksch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 180407 (2006)

A linear potential V(x,y) = -may superimposed on a harmonic trap induces a

particle velocity
The Hall current plateaus are affected by the trap (¿1)

Id … dimensionless Hall current

Nd … particles per length

The curves show different

degrees and types of disorder

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Explanation of the Quantum Hall Effect

The zeros and plateaux in the two components of the resistivity tensor are intimately connected and both can be
understood in terms of the Landau levels (LLs) formed in a magnetic field. In the absence of magnetic field the density of
states in 2D is constant as a function of energy, but in field the available states clump into Landau levels separated by the
cyclotron energy, with regions of energy between the LLs where there are no allowed states. As the magnetic field is
swept the LLs move relative to the Fermi energy. When the Fermi energy lies in a gap between LLs electrons can not
move to new states and so there is no scattering. Thus the transport is dissipationless and the resistance falls to zero.
The classical Hall resistance was just given by B/Ne. However, the number of current carrying states in each LL is eB/h,
so when there are i LLs at energies below the Fermi energy completely filled with ieB/h electrons, the Hall resistance is
h/ie2. At integer filling factor this is exactly the same as the classical case. The difference in the QHE is that the Hall
resistance can not change from the quantised value for the whole time the Fermi energy is in a gap, i.e between the fields
(a) and (b) in the diagram, and so a plateau results. Only when case (c) is reached, with the Fermi energy in the Landau
level, can the Hall voltage change and a finite value of resistance appear.

This picture has assumed a fixed Fermi energy, i.e fixed carrier density, and a changing magnetic field. The QHE  can
also be observed by fixing the magnetic field and varying the carrier density, for instance by sweeping a surface gate.

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Dirt and disorder

Although it might be thought that a perfect crystal would give the strongest
effect, the QHE actually relies on the presence of dirt in the samples. The
effect of dirt and disorder can best be though of as creating a background
potential landscape, with hills and valleys, in which the electrons move. At low
temperature each electron trajectory can be drawn as a contour in the
landscape. Most of these contours encircle hills or valleys so do not transfer an
electron from one side of the sample to another, they are localised states. A
few states (just one at T=0) in the middle of each LL will be extented across the
sample and carry the current. At higher temperatures the electrons have more
energy so more states become delocalised and the width of extended states
increases.
The gap in the density of states that gives rise to QHE plateaux is the gap
between extended states. Thus at lower temperatures and in dirtier samples
the plateaus are wider. In the highest mobility semiconductor heterojunctions
the plateaux are much narrower.

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Energy bands

Fractal energy bands 1

Important for investigating

magnetically induced effects
quantum Hall effect
® 0 .5  =1/2
fractional quantum Hall effect
 =1/3
Atomic systems allow detailed study
of the energy bands

0
Interaction effects are controllable -4 0 4
" /J

The optical lattice setup allows to explore parameter regimes which

are not accessible otherwise  beyond mimicking condensed matter

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 Calculations of eigenstates/ eigenenergies

R.N. Palmer and D. Jaksch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 180407 (2006)
For a harmonic trap with dimensionless trap strength md2/

solid … 99% overlap

dotted … 99.9% overlap

dashed … analytical
estimate

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006

 upconversion

Coupling of the two 5

m=0 modes in
modified TOP trap 4
m0
2

2 m0


1
| m2|

Dieter Jaksch, 21.9.2006