EML 3004C
Chapter 6: Center of Gravity and Centroid
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-1
EML 3004C
Chapter 6.1 C.G and Center of Mass
WR Wi
Taking moments about point O
Wx W1 x1 W2 x2 ...
x Wx i i
W
We can replace W by
Volume V At
W=
specific Gravity
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-2
EML 3004C
Chapter 6.1 C.G and Center of Mass..2
x Wx i i
Ax
i i
W A
y Wy i i
Ay i i
W A
The same way you can
find the centroid of the
line and the volume.
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-3
EML 3004C
Example 6-2 (pg.251, sections 6.1-6.3)
Locate the centroid of the area shown in figure
Solution I
Differential Element. A differential element of
thickness dx is shown in the Figure. The
element intersects the curve at the arbitrary
point (x,y), and so it has a height of y.
Area and Moment Arms. The area of the
element is dA=y dx, and its centroid is located
at x x, y y
2
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-4
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Integrations. Applying Equations 6-5 and integrating
with respect to x yields
1 1
x
A
x dA
0
xy dx
0
x 3 dx
0.250
0.75
1 1
A
dA
y dx x 2 dx 0.333
0 0
1 1
y
A
y dA
0
( y / 2) y dx
0
( x 2 / 2) x 2 dx
0.100
0.3m
1 1
0.333
A
dA
0
y dx 0
x 2 dx
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-5
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Solution II
Differential Element. The differential
element of thickness dy is shown in
Figure. The element intersects the curve
at the arbitrary point (x,y) and so it has a
length (1-x).
Area and Moment Arms. The area of the
element is dA = (1-x) dy, and its centroid
is located at
1 x 1 x
x x , y y
2 2
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-6
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-2 (pg. 251, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Integrations. Applying Equations 6-5 and integrating with respect
to y, we obtain
1 1
x dA (1 x) / 2 (1 x) dy
1
(1 y ) dy
x
A
0 2
1
0
0.250
0.75m
A dA
1
0.333
(1 x )
0
dy (1 y ) dy
0
1 1
y (1 x) dy
3/ 2
y dA ( y y ) dy 0.100
y= A
1
0
1
0
0.3m
A dA (1 x) dy (1 y ) dy 0.333
0 0
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-7
EML 3004C
Chapter 6: In-class exercise
Assume the following:
h=6m b=3m. Find x and y
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-8
EML 3004C
Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Locate the centroid C of the cross-sectional area for the
T-beam
Solution I
The y axis is
placedx 0 the axis ofysymmetry so that
along
To obtain we will establish the x axis
(reference axis) thought the base of the area.l The
area is segmented into two rectangles and y the
centroidal location for each is established.
y
yA
5in. (10 in.) (2 in.) + 11.5 in (3 in.)(8 in.)
A (10 in.) (2 in.) + (3 in.)(8 in.)
8.55in.
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-9
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Solution II
Using the same two segments, the x axis can be located at the top
of the [Link]
y
Here
1.5in. (3 in.) (8 in.) + -8 in (10 in.)(2 in.)
A (3 in.) (8 in.) + (10 in.)(2 in.)
4.45in.
The negative sign indicates that C is located
below the origin, which is to be expected.
Also note that from the two answers
8.55 in + 4.45 in =13.0 in., which is the
depth of the beam as expected
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-10
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-6 (pg. 261, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Solution III
It is also possible to consider the cross-
sectional area to be one large rectangle less
two small rectangles. Hence we have
y
yA
6.5in. (13 in.) (8 in.) - 2 5 in (10 in.)(3 in.)
A (13 in.) (8 in.) 2(10 in.)(3 in.)
8.55in.
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-11
EML 3004C
Problem 6-30 (pg. 264, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Determine the distance y to the centroid of the shaded area.
Solution
Segment A(mm 2 ) y (mm) (mm3 )
yA
1 300(600)=180(10)3 300 54(10)6
1
2 (300)(600) = 90(10)3 200 18(10)6
2
1
3 ( )(300) 2 =141.37(10) 3 -127.32 -18(10)6
2
4 -( )(100) 2 31.71(10)3 0 0
379.96(10) 3 54(10)6
y =
yA
54(10) 6
=142 mm
A 379.96(10) 3
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-12
EML 3004C
6.6 Moments of Inertia For Areas
By definition moments of inertia with
respect to any axis (i.e. x and y) are
I x y 2 dA , I y x 2 dA
A A
Polar moment of inertia
J or J r dA ( x y ) dA I I
o z
A
2
A
2 2
x y
Always positive value
Units: m , in
4 4
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-13
EML 3004C
Geometric Properties of An Area and Volume Geometric
Properties of An Area and Volume (page 786-787)
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-14
EML 3004C
Geometric Properties of An Area and Volume Geometric
Properties of An Area and Volume (page 786-787)
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-15
EML 3004C
Con’t 6.6 Moments of Inertia For Areas
Example 6.14
Lets proof I and I for rectangular area
x y
Solution
Part (a)
I y dA y (b dy) b y dy
x
A
2 h/2
h / 2
2 h/2
h / 2
2
1
bh 3
12
Part (b)
1
I hb 3
12
y
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-16
EML 3004C
Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the x axis.
Solution I (CASE I)
A differential element of area that is parallel to the
x axis is chose for integration.
dA =(100-x) dy.
Limits of integration wrt y, y=0 to y=200 mm
I x y 2 dA y 2 (100 x ) dy
A A
200 y2 200 1 200 4
y (100 2
) dy 100 y dy
2
y dy
0 400 0 400 0
107(106 ) mm 4
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-17
EML 3004C
6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem
If we know Moment of Inertia of a given axis, we can compute
M.I about another parallel axis
I x ( y d y ) 2 dA y2 dA 2d y y dA d y dA
2
A
A A A
1 2 3
1. Moment of inertia with respect to x axis (centroidal axis) I x
2. is zero, since y 0 ydA y dA
2
3. Ad y
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-18
EML 3004C
Con’t 6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem
As a result:
2
I x I x Ad y
2
similarly I y I y Ad x
and
J 0 J c Ad 2
For composite body:
I x I xi Ai di
2
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-19
EML 3004C
Con’t 6-7 Parallel-Axis Theorem
I , I : moment of inertia of a body with respect to centroidal axis
x y
( x and y)
A : total area of body
d : distance between two parallel axes (i.e. x and x or y and y)
I , I : moment of inertia of segment of i in the body with respect to
x i y i
centroidal axis ( x and y)
i i
A : area of segment i
i
I I Ad
2
x x y
I I Ad
2
y y x
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-20
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)
Solution II (CASE 2)
A differential element parallel to the y axis
is chosen for integration.
Use the parallel-axis theorem to determine
the moment of inertia of the element with
respect to this axis.
For a rectangle having a base b and height h,
the moment of inertia about its centroidal
axis is
1 3
I x bh
12
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-21
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-15 (pg. 287 Sections 6.8-6.9)
Solution II (CASE 2)
For the differential element , b = dx and h = y,
and thus 1
dI x dx y 3
12
Since the centroid of the element is at y y / 2
from the x axis, the moment of inertia of the
element about this axis is 2
1 1 3
y
dI x dI x dA y dx y y dx y dx
2 3
12 2 3
1 3 100 1
I x dI x y dx (400 x)3/ 2 dx
A3 0 3
107 (106 ) mm 4
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-22
EML 3004C
Example 6-18
Solution :
1. I x
Rectangle A
1
I I Ad (100)(300) (100)(300)(200)
2
y
3 2
12
x1 x
1.425 10 mm 9 4
Rectangle B
1
I (600)(100) 0.05 10 mm 3 9 4
12
x2
Rectangle D
1
I I Ad (100)(300) (100)(300)(200) 1.425 10 mm
2
y
3 2 9 4
12
x3 x
Total I I I I 1.425 10 0.05 10 1.425 10 2.9 10 mm
x x1 x2 x3
9 9 9 9 4
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-23
EML 3004C
Con’t Example 6-18
2. I y
Rectangle A
1
I I Ad (300)(100) (100)(300)(250)
2
x
3 2
12
y1 y
1.90 10 mm 9 4
Rectangle B
1
I (100)(600) 1.80 10 mm 3 9 4
12
y2
Rectangle D
1
I I Ad (300)(100) (100)(300)(250) 1.90 10 mm
2
x
3 2 9 4
12
y3 y
Total I I I I 1.90 10 1.80 10 1.90 10 5.6 10 mm
y y1 y2 y3
9 9 9 9 4
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-24
EML 3004C
Example 6-17 (pg. 291, Sections 6.8-6.9)
Determine the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the
T-beam about the centroidal x axis.
In class workout
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-25
EML 3004C
Problem 6-87 (pg. 294, Sections 6.8-6.9)
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area with
respect to a horizontal axis passing through the centroid of
the section
Solution:
y
yA
1(2)(6) 5(6)(1)
2.333in
A 2(6) 1(6)
1 1
I xx (6)(2) 2(6)(2.333 1) (1)(6)3 1(6)(5 2.333)2 86in 4
3 2
12 12
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-26
EML 3004C
Problem 6-92 (pg. 294, Sections 6.8-6.9)
Determine the moment of inertia of the
beam’s cross-sectional area about the y
axis
Solution:
1 1
I y (2)(6) 2 (4)(1)3 1(4)(1.5)2 54.7 in 4
3
12 12
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-27
EML 3004C
Problem 6-8 (pg. 257, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Determine the location ( x , y ) of the centroid of the
quarter elliptical plate.
Solution
Area of the differential element
b 2
dA y dx b 2 x 2 dx
a2
y 1 2 b2 2
and x x, y b x .
2 2 a2
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-28
EML 3004C
Con’t Problem 6-8 (pg. 257, Sections 6.1-6.3)
Con’t Solution
b 2
a 2 2
0 x b 2 x dx
A x dA a 4
x a
A dA 2 3
2
a b b 2 dx
0 x
a2
2 2
a 1 2 b 2 b2 b 2 dx
0 b x x
y dA 2 a 2 a 2
A 4
y a
A dA 2 3
a 2 b 2
0 b 2 x dx
a
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-29
EML 3004C
Chapter 6: Concludes….
Namas Chandra Hibbeler
Introduction to Mechanical engineering Chapter 6-30