Sivakumar P
It is the blue print for the collection &
analysis of data
It is the arrangement of conditions for
collection and analysis of data in a manner
that aims to combine relevance of the
research purpose with economy in procedure
What is the study about?
Why is the study being made?
Where will the study be carried out
What type of data is required
Where can the required data be found
What period of time will the study include
What will be the sample design
What techniques of data collection will be used
How will the data be analyzed
In what style will the report be prepared
The sampling design – method of selecting
items to be observed
Observational design – conditions under
which the observations are to be made
The statistical design- how many items, how
to collect & analyzed
The operational design – how above are
carried out
Dependent & independent variable
Extraneous variable
Control
Confounded relationship
Research hypothesis
Experimental & non experimental hypothesis testing
research
Experimental & control groups
Treatments
Experiments
Experimental units
Demand – is dependent variable
Price, income, no of consumers, prices of
related goods, advertisement are
independent variables
Qd = f(P, Y,Rp,A)
An undesirable variables that influence the
relationship between the variables that an
experimenter is examining
. Another way to think of this, is that these are
variables the influence the outcome of an
experiment, though they are not the variables
that are actually of interest
. These variables are undesirable because they
add error to an experiment
. A major goal in research design is to decrease
or control the influence of extraneous variables
as much as possible.
you wanted to work out how clever a fish species
were in finding food depending on how long since
they had eaten.
But if their ability to find food also depended on
the temperature of the water and you were not
able to either control or measure accurately the
temperature of the water.
Then the temperature could be described as an
extraneous variable.
One important characteristic of a good
research design is to minimize the influence
of extraneous variable
The technical term control is used when we
design the study minimizing effects of
extraneous independent variables
When the dependent variable is not free
from the extraneous variables, the
relationship between the dependent &
independent variable is said to be
confounded by an extraneous variable
When a prediction or hypothesized relationship
is to be tested by scientific methods
It is predictive statement relates an
independent variable to a dependent variable
Predictive statements which are not to be
objectively verified or the relationships are
assumed & not to be tested, are termed
research hypothesis
When the purpose of the research is to test
research hypothesis
Experimental – independent variable
manipulated
Non experimental – dependent variable
manipulated
Inan experimental hypo testing research
when a group is exposed to usual conditions –
control group
When a group is exposed to some novel or
special conditions – experimental group
The different conditions under which
experimental & control group are put usually
referred as treatments
If we want to determine the impact of three
varieties of fertilizers on yield of wheat, in
this case the three varieties of fertilizers will
be treated as three treatments
The process of examining the truth of a
statistical hypothesis , relating to some
research problem is known as experiment
Absolute and Comparative experiments
Parameters Statistics
Source Population Sample
Notation Greek (e.g., μ) Roman
(e.g., xbar)
The predetermine plots or the blocks, where
different treatment are used, are known as
experimental units
THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
EXPLORATORY CONCLUSIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN
DESCRIPTIVE CAUSAL
RESEARCH RESEARCH
CROSS-SECTIONAL
LONGITUDINAL
DESIGN
DESIGN
SINGLE MULTIPLE
CROSS-SECTIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL
DESIGN DESIGN
•Formulate problems more precisely
•Develop Hypotheses
•Establish Formulate problems more precisely
•DeveloFormulateUses problems more precisely Types
•Develop Hypotheses
•Establish priorities for research •Literature search
•Eliminate impractical ideas •Experience survey
Exploratory •Clarify concepts •Analysis of select cases
Research •p Hypotheses •Interviews
•Establish priorities for research •Ethnographies
•Eliminate impractical ideas •Focus groups
•Clarify •Etc.
•Describeconcepts
segment characteristics
Descriptive •priorities for researchof people
•Estimate proportion
Research •Eliminate
who behave impractical ideas
in a certain way
•Clarify concepts •Longitudinal study
•Make specific predictions
•Panels
•Sample Survey
Causal •Provide evidence regarding causal
Research relationships
•Rule out all other explanations •Laboratory experiment
•Field experiment
Internal validity refers to
whether the manipulation of the independent
variables or treatments actually caused the
observed effects on the dependent variables.
Control of extraneous variables is a necessary
condition for establishing internal validity.
External validity refers to whether
the cause-and-effect relationships found in the
experiment can be generalized. To what
populations, settings, times, independent
variables and dependent variables can the
results be projected?