Fundamentals of Electromagnetics:

A Two-Week, 8-Day, Intensive Course for

Training Faculty in Electrical-, Electronics-,
Communication-, and Computer- Related
Engineering Departments

by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao

Edward C. Jordan Professor Emeritus
of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Distinguished Amrita Professor of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India

Amrita Viswa Vidya Peetham, Coimbatore

August 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, and 21, 2008
 7-1

Module 7
Transmission Line Analysis
in Time Domain
Line terminated by a resistive load
Transmission-line discontinuity
Lines with reactive terminations and discontinuities
Lines with initial conditions
 7-2

Instructional Objectives
30. Find the voltage and current variations at a
location on a lossless transmission line as
functions of time and at an instant of time as
functions of distance, and the steady state values
of the line voltage and current, for a line
terminated by a resistive load and excited by
turning on a constant voltage source, by using the
bounce-diagram technique
31. Design a lossless transmission line system by
determining its parameters from information
specified concerning the voltage and/or current
variations on the line
32. Design a system of three lines in cascade for
achieving a specified unit impulse response
 7-3

Instructional Objectives
33. Compute the reflected power for a wave incident on a
junction of multiple lossless transmission lines from one
of the lines and the values of power transmitted into each
of the other lines, where the junction may consist of lines
connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel, and
include resistive elements
34. Find the solutions for voltage and current along a
transmission-line system excited by a constant voltage
source and having reactive elements as
terminations/discontinuities
35. Find the voltage and current variations at a location on a
lossless transmission-line system as functions of time and
at an instant of time as functions of distance, for specified
nonzero initial voltage and/or current distributions along
the system
 7-4

Line Terminated
by Resistive Load
(FEME, Sec. 7.4; EEE6E, Sec. 6.2)
 7-5

Notation

V   t  z vp   V   t  z vp  
1
I  z, t  
Z0  

V  z, t   V   t  z vp   V   t  z vp 

 
V  V V
 
I I I
 
 V  V
I  , I 
Z0 Z0
 7-6

I+, I–
+

V+, V– P+, P–

I+, I– z

 V 
 2
 V 
P  V  I   V   
 Z0  Z0

     V 

P V I V    
V   2

 Z0  Z0
 7-7

I+ = 0.1 A 0.1 A
+ +
P+ = 0.5 W 0.5 W
V+ = 5V  5V

– –

I+ = –0.2 A 0.2 A
+ –
P+ = 2 W 2W
V+ = –10 V  10 V
– +
0.2 A
 7-8

I– = –0.12 A 0.12 A
+ 
+
P– = 0.72
P 0.72W
W 0.72 W
V– = 6V  6V
– –

I– = 0.08 A 0.08 A
+ –
P– = –0.32 W 0.32 W
V– = –4 V  4V
– +

0.08 A
 7-9

Excitation by Constant Voltage Source

Semi-infinite Line, No Source Resistance

t=0
V0 Z0, vp 

z=0 z
V–  0

V  z , t   V   t  z vp 

I  z , t   V  t  z vp 
1 
Z0
 7-10

V  0, t   V0u  t 
V   t   V0u  t 
V  z, t   V   t  z vp 
 V0u  t  z vp 
V0 for  t  z vp   0


0 for  t  z vp   0
V0 for t  z vp

0 for t  z vp
V0 for z  vp t

0 for z  vp t
 7-11

V(z)
V0
t
0 z/vp

V(t)
V0
z
0 vpt
 7-12

Example:
S
t=0 Z0, vp
V0 to 

z=0 z
V0  10 V Z0  50 
vp  3  108 m s
z = 150 m
V, V I, A
10 0.2

0 0.5 t, ms 0 0.5 t, ms
 7-13

t = 1 ms
V, V I, A
10 0.2 t, ms

0 300 z, m 0 300 z, m

[V]z150 m, V [V]t 1 ms , V
10 10

0 0.5 t, ms 0 300 z, m
 7-14

Effect of Source Resistance

t=0 I+
Rg – +
+
Vg V+
–
z=0
Vg  I  Rg  V   0 B.C.

V
I  (+) Wave
Z0
 7-15

V
Vg – Rg – V   0
Z0
Rg 

Vg  V   1
Z0 
I+
Z0
V   Vg Rg
Rg  Z0 +
V+ Z0
V  Vg –
I   Vg
Z0 Rg  Z0
z=0
 7-16

Line Terminated by Resistance

S
t=0 Z0, vp
Rg RL
V0
z=0 z=l
t = 0+
I+ V0
Rg I 
Z0
+ +
V Rg  Z0
–
Vg V   I  Z0
z=0
 7-17

t  l vp B.C:

V 
 V 
 L
 R I 
 I 


I  V
Z0

I   V
Z0

V  V – 
V   V –  RL  – 
Z 0 Z 0 

–  RL   RL 
V 1    V  – 1
 Z0  Z0 
 7-18

–  RL – Z0
V V
RL  Z0

Define Voltage Reflection Coefficient,

V – RL – Z 0
 
V  RL  Z 0
Then, Current Reflection Coefficient
I – – V – Z0 V–
     –   –
I V Z0 V
 7-19

t  2l vp I+ + I– + I–+
Rg +
V+ + V– + V–+
V0
–
z=0

V   V   V   V0  Rg  I   I   I  
  
 V  V  V
I  , I  , I 
Z0 Z0 Z0

V  V  V 
 V0 
Z0

Rg 
V  V 
 V 

 7-20

 Rg   Rg 

V 1  –
  V 1  
 Z 0   Z 0 
Rg 
–
 V0  V  – 1
Z0 
+ V0
But V = Z0
Rg + Z0
 Rg  Rg 
–
V 1  –
  V  – 1
 Z0  Z0 

V – Rg – Z0

V– Rg  Z0
 7-21

(–)
Rg
(–+)

z=0
t   (steady state)

VSS  V  1  R  R S       
2
R
2
S
2
R
2
S 
1  R S  2R 2S  
V0 Z0

Rg  Z0 
R 1  R S     2
R
2
S 
 7-22

V0 Z0 1  R

Rg  Z0 1 – R S
RL – Z0 
1   
V0 Z0  L
R  Z 0 

Rg  Z0 RL – Z0  Rg – Z0 
1    
RL  Z0  Rg  Z0 

V0
 RL
RL  Rg
 7-23

ISS  I I   R    R  S    R   S  


 
2
 
V0
 1  R S    R 1  R S   
Rg  Z0
 V0   1  R  V0
  
 R  Z   1  
 g 0  R S  RL  Rg

V0 RL  Rg 
+++++++
Rg V0 R L +
R L  Rg RL
–
V0 –––––––
 7-24

For constant voltage source,

V0 V0 RL
ISS  , VSS 
RL  Rg RL  Rg

Actual Situation in the Steady State

One (+) Wave and One (–) Wave
 –  –
I SS  I SS I SS  I SS
+ (+) +
Rg V  –
 VSS
 –
V SS  VSS RL
SS
V0 – (–) –
z=0 z =l
 7-25

 –   – 
V SS  V SS  V0 – Rg I SS  I SS B.C. at z  0

 –  – 
V SS  V SS  RL I
 SS  I B.C. at z  l
SS

V SS

I SS  ( ) wave
Z0
–
V SS
–
I SS – (–) wave
Z0
Four equations for the four unknowns
 –  –
V SS , V SS , I SS , I SS
 7-26

Example:  –  –
I SS  I SS I SS  I SS
+ Z = 50  +
 – 0  –
25  V SS  VSS V SS  VSS 75 
100 V – –
z=0 z =l

 –   – 
V SS  V SS  100 – 25I SS  I SS
 –  – 
V SS V  75
I
 SS  I
SS SS
 7-27

 –
V V
 SS – SS
I SS  , I SS  –
50 50
Solving, we obtain
 –
V SS  62.5 V , V SS  12.5 V
 –
I SS  1.25 A , I SS  – 0.25 A

1A
++++++++
25  75 V
+
75 
–
100 V ––––––––
 7-28

Bounce Diagram Technique:

Constant Voltage Source
S
t= 0 Z0 = 60 
40  120 
T = 1 ms
100 V
z=0 z z=l

60 60
V   100 
 60 V , I  1A
40  60 60
120 – 60 1 40 – 60 1
R   , S  –
120  60 3 40  60 5
 7-29

Voltage
1 1
S  – R 
5 3
0 60 V 0
60 20 1
2 80
–4
t, ms 76 –4/3 3
4 224
4/15 3
1124
15 5
z=0 z z =l
 7-30

Current
1 1
–S  –R 
5 3
0 1A 0
1 –1/3 1
2 2
–1/15 3
9
t, ms 15 1/45 3
4 28
1/225 45
141
225 5
z=0 z z =l
 7-31

Voltage Current

1
– S  1
1
S  – R  – R  – 1
5 3 5 3
0 60 V 0 1A 0
0
60 1 1 –1/3 1
20
80 2 2
2 –4 –1/15
9 3
t, ms 76 –4/3 3 t, ms 15 1/45 3
224 4 28
4 4/15 1/225 45
1124 3 141
5 225 5
15
z=0 z z =l z=0 z z =l
 7-32

z=0
V, V
100 76
1124
60 15

0 2 4 6 8 t, ms

I, A 141
1
225
9
15
0 2 4 6 8 t, ms
 7-33

z=l
V, V
100 80
224
3

0 1 3 5 7 t, ms

I, A
2
1 3
28
45

0 1 3 5 7 t, ms
 7-34

l
z
V, V 2
100 80 76
60 224
3
0 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 t, ms

I, A
1 28
1
45
2 9
3 15
0 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 t, ms
 7-35

[V]t 2.5 ms , V
100 76 80

0 l/2 l z

[I] 1 ,A
t1 3 ms
1
2/3

0 l/3 2l/3 l z
 7-36

Rectangular Pulse Source

Use superposition. V V
V0 V0
=
t 0 t
0 t0 V

+ 0 t0
t
Example –V0

Vg, V
100
S
40  t=0 Z0 = 60 
T = 1 ms 120 
Vg
0 1 t, ms z=0 z z=l
 7-37

S  – 1 R  – 1
5 3

0 60 V 0
60 0
1 –60 20 1
0 80
2 –4 20 –20 2
t, ms 16 0
3 4 –4 –4/3 3
0 – 16
4/15 – 43
3
4 4/3 4
– 16 0
15
z=0 z z=l

[V]zl,V
[V ] 1 ,V
80 t 2 4 ms

16 20
3 4
z
0 1 2 –16 5 6 t, ms 0 l/4 l/2 3l/4 l
13
 7-38

Transmission-Line
Discontinuity
(EEE6E, Sec. 6.3)
 7-39

Transmission-Line Discontinuity

(+)
(++)
Z01, v p1 Z02, vp2
(–)

I + + I– I ++
+ +

V+ + V– V ++

– –
 7-40

V   V –  V  
 B.C.
I   I –  I  
V  V – V 
I  , I–  – , I  
Z01 Z 01 Z02

V  V  V  V 
 
Z01 Z01 Z02

V V 
Z01

Z02 

V  V 

 Z02 
   Z02 
V 1   V   1
 Z01   Z01 
 7-41

V – Z02 – Z0l
 
V  Z02  Z0l

(+)
Z01 Z02
 7-42

Define Voltage Transmission Coefficient,

V  V   V – V–
V    
1 
V V V
V  1  

Current Transmission Coefficient,

I  I   I – I–
C     1 
I I I
C  1 – 
 7-43

Note that
  
P V I
 V V  C I
 

 1   V 
1    I 

 1  2 V  I 
 1    P 2 


P
 7-44

Three Lines in Cascade

50  Z 0l = 50  Z 02 = 100  Z03 = 50  +
50  –V o
T1 = 2 ms T2 = 2 ms T3 = 2 ms
–
d(t)

 = 1/3  = –1/3  = –1/3

 = 0  V = 4/3 V = 2/3 V = 2/3  = 0
0 1/2
2/3
4 –2/9 4/9
6
2/27
8 4/81 4/9
–2/81 10
t, ms 2/243 4/92
12 4/729
14
4/93
 7-45

Vg t   d t 
 n
4 1
V0 t      d t  2nT2  T0 
9 n 0  9 
T0  T1  T2  T3

4/9
4/92 4/93
and so on
0 6 10 14 t, ms
 7-46

d(t) h(t)
System


Vg(t) – Vg (t –  ) h( ) d
System
 7-47

For Vg (t) = cos t ,


V0  t    cos   t   

 n
4 1
   d   2nT2  T0  d
9 n 0  9 
 n
4 1 
    cos   t   
9 n 0  9  

d   2nT2  T0  d
 n
4 1
    cos   t  2nT2  T0 
9 n 0  9 
 7-48

 n
4  1   j 2 nT2 T0 
V 0       e
9 n 0  9 
 n
4  jT0  1  j 2T2 
 e
9
  e
n 0  9


4  jT0
e
 9
1  j 2T2
1 e
9
 7-49

49
Vo ( ) 
1 – j2T
1– e 2
9
49
Vo ( ) max   0.5
1–19
49
Vo ( ) min   0.4
119
 7-50

Vo ( )

0.5
0.4


0  2T2  T2 3  2T2 2 T2
 7-51

Junction of Three Lines



50 e 2

Z Lin
0 
Line 1 P
Z0  50  Li
Z ne 3
0 
10
0 


Line 1
50  100 
Z0 = 50 
 7-52

100 3  50 50 1
  
100 3  50 250 5
4
V  1   
5
6
C  1   
5
100
 C eff 2   C
50  100
2 2 6 12
 C  
3 3 5 15
 7-53

50
 C eff 3  C
50  100
1 1 6 6
 C  
3 3 5 15

2 1
Pref1   P  P
25

Ptrans2 =V  Ceff2 P

4 12 48
 P P
5 15 75
 7-54

Ptrans3 =V  Ceff3 P

4 12 24
 P P
5 15 75

1 48 24
Note that   1
25 75 75
 7-55

Lines with
ReactiveTerminations
and Discontinuities
(EEE6E, Sec. 6.4)
 7-56

Line Terminated by an
Inductor
S IL
Z0 t=0
Z0 , T L
V0
z=0 z =l
IL  0    0
t = T+

V0 V –
–
2Z0 Z0
+
V0
+ V– L
2
–
 7-57

 V0 V   V0
    0  V 

 I.C.
t T 
 2Z0 Z0 t T  2

V0 d  V0 V – 
 V –  L  –  B.C.
2 dt 2Z0 Z0 

L dV   V    V0
Z0 dt 2
V0
 V  T
V    Ae
0 L
2
Using I.C.,
Z
V0 V0  0T
  Ae L
2 2
 7-58

Z0
T
A  V0 e L

Z0
V0 – (t – T )
V – (l,t)  –  V0 e L
2 tT

V – (l, t)
I – (l, t)  –
Z0
Z0
V0 V0 – (t – T )
 – e L
2Z0 Z0 tT
 7-59

Voltage

=0
0
0
T V0
T
2T 2T VL
(–)
3T 3T
(+) (–) (+)

V0/2 0 z 1 V /2
0
–V0/2 –V 0/2
 7-60

– = 0
0
0
T –V 0/2Z0 T
(+)
2T –V0/2Z0 2T
IL
3T 3T
(+)
(– ) (– ) V0
0 z l Z0
V0/2Z0 V0/2Z0
 7-61

V
t = T/2
V0/2
0 l/2 l z
V (+)
V0
t = 3T/2
V0/2
0 l/2 l z
(–)
V
(+) t = 5T/2
V0/2
0 z
(–)
l
 7-62

I
t = T/2
V0/2Z0
0 l/2 l z
I
(+)
V0/2Z0 t = 3T/2
0 l/2 l z
(–)
I (+)
V 0/2Z0 t = 5T/2
0
l/2 (–) l z
 7-63
Line Terminated by a Capacitor
S
+
Z0 t=0
Z0 , T VL C
V0 –
z=0 z =l
VL (0–)  0
t = T+
V0 V –
–
2Z0 Z0
+
V0
+ V–
2
–
 7-64

V0 V  d  V0 
  C  V  B.C.
2 Z0 Z 0 dt  2 
V0  V0
 2 V   0  V 

 I.C.
  t T  t T  2

dV – – V0
CZ0 V 
dt 2
1
V – t
V–  0  Ae CZ0
2
 7-65

Using I.C., 1
V0 V0 T –
–   Ae CZ0
2 2
1
– T
A  – V0 e CZ0
1
V – (t – T )
V – (l,t)  0 – V0 e CZ0
2 t>T
V – (l, t)
I – (l, t)  –
Z0
1
V0 V0 – CZ (t – T )
–  e 0
2 Z0 Z0
t>T
 7-66

Lines with
Initial Conditions
(FEME, Sec. 7.5; EEE6E, Secs. 6.5)
 7-67
Line with Initial Conditions
I(z, 0)
++++++++
Z0, vp V(z, 0)
--------

V  (z, 0)  V – (z, 0)  V(z, 0)

I  (z, 0)  I – (z, 0)  I(z, 0)

V  V –
I  , I–  –
Z0 Z0
V  (z, 0) – V – (z, 0)  Z0 I(z, 0)
 7-68

V  z, 0   V  z, 0   Z0 I  z, 0  
 1
2

V  z, 0   V  z, 0   Z0 I  z, 0 
 1
2
 7-69

Example:

V(z, 0), V
I(z, 0)
50
++++++++
Z 0, v p V(z, 0) 0 l z
--------
I(z, 0), A
z=0 Z0  50  zz =ll
1

0 l z
 7-70

V +(z, 0), V I +(z, 0), A

50 B 1
C A
0 l z 0 l z
V –(z, 0), V I –(z, 0), A
50 C 1
D
0
0 l z l z
–1
 7-71
l
t
2vp
V +, V I +, A
50 C B 1
D
z z
0 l 0 l
V –, V I –, A
50 B 1
A
z z
0 l 0 l
–1
V, V
100 I, A
50 1
0 z 0 z
l l
 7-72

t  vl
p
V +, V
’ I +, A
’

50 C 1
D
z z
0 l 0 l
V –, V
’ I –, A
’

50 B 1
C
A
z z
0 l 0 l
–1
V, V I, A
50 1

z 0 z
0 l l
–1
 7-73

I(z, 0) t=0
+++++++
Z0, vp V(z, 0) RL = Z0 = 50 
-------
z=0 z =l

V(z, 0), V I(z, 0), A

50 1
z z
0 l 0 l
 7-74

V +(z, 0) V V –(z, 0) V
50 B 50 C
C A D
0 l z 0 l z

[V]RL, V
B
50 C
A D
0 l/2v l/vp 3l/2vp t
p
 7-75
Uniform Distribution

I(z, 0) = 0
+++++++
Z0, T V(z, 0) = V0
-------
z=0 z =l

 – V0
V (z, 0)  V (z, 0) 
2
 V0 – V0
I (z, 0)  , I (z, 0)  –
2Z0 2Z 0
 7-76

V0  100V, Z 0  50 
V, V I, A

50 (–)
1
50 (+) (+)
z 0
0 l (–) l z
–1

S I(z, 0) = 0
++ +++ ++
t=0
RL Z0 , T V(z, 0) = V0
-------
z=0 z =l
V0  100V, Z 0  50 
RL  150 , T  1 mS
 7-77

t = 0.5 mS
V, V I, A

50 (–)
1
25 (+) (+)
0
0 l z (–) l z
–1

t = 1.5 mS
V, V I, A

50 (–)
1
25 (+) (+)
0 l z 0 (–) l z
–1
 7-78

t = 2.5 mS

V, V I, A
50 (–)
0.5
12.5 (+) (+)
l z 0 (–) l z
0 –0.5

[V]RL, V
75
37.5
18.75 9.375
0 2 4 6 t, mS
 7-79

Bounce Diagram Technique

for
Uniform Distribution
0 + I+
+
RL V0 + V +
–
z=0 z=l

V0  V    RL  0  I   B.C.


I  V
Z0
 7-80

 RL 
V0  V  – V
Z0

  RL 
V 1    – V0
 Z0 
Z0
V   – V0
R L  Z0

For V0  100 V, Z0  50 , and

RL = 150 ,
 50
V  – 100  – 25 V
150  50
 7-81
1
= =1
2 100 V
0
–25 100
75 1
–25
2 50
–12.5
3
t, mS 37.5 –12.5
4 –6.25 25
18.75 5
z=0 z z=l

[V]RL
75
37.5
18.75 9.375
0 2 4 6 t, mS
 7-82

Energy Storage in Transmission Lines

1 2
we, Electric stored energy density = CV
2
l 1
We, Electric stored energy = z0 CV 2 dz
2
1 2
 CV 0 l (for uniform distribution)
2
1 2 1 2 1
 CV 0 v p T  CV 0 T
2 2 LC
2
1V0
 T
2 Z0
 7-83

1 2
wm, Magnetic stored energy density = LI
2
l 1 2
Wm, Magnetic stored energy = z0 LI dz
2
1 2
 LI 0 l (for uniform distribution)
2
1 2 1 2 1
 LI 0 v p T  LI 0 T
2 2 LC
1 2
= I 0 Z0 T
2
 7-84

Check of Energy Balance

Initial stored energy

 We  Wm
2
1V0 1 2
 T  I 0 Z0 T
2 Z0 2
1 (100)2
  10 –3  0
2 50
 0.1 J
 7-85

Energy dissipated in RL

V 
2


RL
dt
t 0 RL
2103
75 2
37.52 4103
 dt   3 dt 
0 150 210 150

 
3
 2 10  752 1  1  1 
150 4 16
3
 2  10  75 
2 4
150 3
 0.1 J
 7-86

Another Example:

Z0 = 100  S Z0 = 50 
100  t=0
T = 1 ms 100 
120 V T = 1 ms 100 

z=0 z = l– z = l+ z = 2l

System in steady state at t = 0–.

 7-87

t = 0–: steady state

V, V
60

z
0 l 2l
I, A
0.6

0 l 2l z
 7-88

t = 0+:
0.6 + I– 0.6 + I +
+ +
60 + V – 60 + V +
– 100  –

z = l– z = l+

60  V –  60  V  

60 + V +  B.C.
0.6  I – = 0.6  I + 
100  
V – V 
I–  – , I 
100 50
 7-89

Solving, we obtain

V –  V   – 15
I –  0.15
I   – 0.3
 7-90

Voltage

=0
=0 V = 1
60 V 60 V
0 0
60 –15 60
1 –15 1
45 45
45 –5 2
2 40
t, ms –5 40
3 40 40 3
z=0 z =l z = l+ z = 2l
 7-91

Current

 = 0, C = 1
=0 Ceff = 0.5
0.6 A 0.6 A
0 0
0.6 0.6
0.15 –0.3 1
1 0.3
0.75 0.75 0.1 2
2
t, ms 0.05 0.4 0.4
3 0.8 3
0.8
z=0 z =l z = l+ z = 2l
 7-92

t = 3 ms + : New steady state

V, V

40

z
0 l 2l
I, A
0.8
0.4

z
0 l 2l
 7-93

t = 3 ms + :

0.8 A 0.4 A
+ 0.4 A +
100  40 V 100  40 V 100 
– –
120 V
z=0 z = l– z = l+ z = 2l
The End