Calculations of invert
Levels
Lecture 3
Invert Level
• The lowest inside level at any cross-section of
a sewer is known as the INVERT LEVEL at that
cross section.
SIGNIFICANCE:
• Sewers must be laid at a particular slope to
attain self cleansing velocities. The required
slope (while laying the sewers) is achieved
through calculations of invert levels.
NSL
Earth cover=1m
Thickness of pipe Dia of pipe
Invert level of pipe
U𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑰. 𝑳 = 𝑵𝑮𝑳 − 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 − 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
Lower I. L = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼. 𝐿 − (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑋 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)
Invert Level
Thickness of pipe
Dia of pipe
Invert level
Earth cover=1m
Thickness of pipe Dia of pipe
Invert level of pipe
𝑰
𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 𝑵𝑮𝑳 − 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 − 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝑳
𝐼
Lower = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼/𝐿 − (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)
𝐿
Gradients in Pipes
A gradient may be defined as fall divided by distance.
GRADIENT = FALL / DISTANCE
For example is a 24 meter section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.30 metres, calculate
the gradient.
Gradient = 0.30 / 24
Gradient = 0.0125
This can be converted into a gradient written as a ratio or 1: some number.
Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80
Gradient = 1 in 80
The above formula may be rearranged for Fall if the gradient is known:
FALL = GRADIENT X DISTANCE
For example, calculate the fall in a 50 meters section of water pipework if
the gradient is to be 1 in 80.
A gradient of 1 in 80 is converted to a number instead of a ratio.
1 / 80 = 0.0125
Fall = Gradient x Distance
Fall = 0.0125 x 50
Fall = 0.625 meters or 625mm.
Calculation of Invert Level
SINGLE SEWER:
U/S Invert Level = NGSL/RL – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of
Sewer – Dia of Sewer
D/S Invert Level = U/S Invert Level – Drop (Length x slope)
TWO OR MORE SEWERS OF SAME SIZE:
When equal dia sewers discharge in a manhole and the same dia
sewers receives the total discharge, LOWEST D/S I.L. among the
discharging sewers will be carried as U/S I.L. for the receiving
sewer.
SEWERS OF DIFFERENT SIZE:
When receiving sewer dia is greater than the discharging sewer;
Keep the crowns at the same level
Drop the U/S I.L. of the receiving sewer by the difference in
the dia of the two sewers.
Invert levels
• Case 1 : Equal dia pipes
M1
225mm
L/I =198m
225mmL/I =199m
M2 M3
U/I =?m
225mm
M4
Invert levels
• Case 2 : Different dia pipes
M1
225mm
L/I =198m
225mmL/I =199m
M2 M3
U/I =?m
460mm
M4
Numerical 1
M1 M2 M3 M4
225 mm dia 225 mm dia 225 mm dia
L=200m,@0.0082 L=100m,@0.0079 L=300m,@0.007
Calculate upper and lower invert levels at M2 , M3 and M4
if upper invert level of M1 is 100m
Numerical 2
• Calculate invert levels
M1 M2 M3 M4
225 mm dia 310 mm dia 380mm dia
L=106 m,@0.0072 L=35m,@0.0080 L=36m,@0.0082
Calculate upper and lower invert levels at M2 , M3 and M4
if upper invert level of M1 is 100m
Numerical 3
Calculate upper and lower invert levels at M2 , M3 and M5 if
upper invert level of M1 & M3 is 135m
M1 M2 M4 M3
225 mm dia 225 mm dia 225mm dia
L=100 m,@0.0080 L=75m,@0.0079 L=36m,@0.007
310mm dia
L=35m,@0.0056
M5
Numerical 4
Calculate upper and lower invert levels at M2 , M3 ,M4 ,M5
and M6 if upper invert level of M1 is 110m
M1 M2 M3 M4
225 mm dia 225 mm dia 375mm dia
L=200 m,@0.0078 L=150m,@0.0085 L=490m,@0.004
375mm dia
L=420m,@0.005
M5
450mm dia
L=480m,@0.0031
M6
Numerical 5
• Calculate Invert levels for partially combined sewer system.
Average water consumption of 400lpcd take NGL=100 m ,
Earth Cover=1 m and Pipe thickness = 50mm (M1 & M3 are
starting points)
M1 M2
P=800 persons
L=800m
P=600 persons
L=400m
M3 M4 M5
P=400 persons P=500 persons
L=300m L=700m
