Anies. Cleofe. Estacio.

Nogales
1 kg coffee bean
1 ton coffee bean
Dryers!!
Drying
Transfer of a liquid from a wet solid into an unsaturated gas phase
Slurries, filter cakes, sludges etc
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer unit operation(dryers)
Removal of moisture from gases
Dehumidification
Adsorption
General classifications
1. Direct dryers
a. Continuous
b. Batch
2. Indirect dryers
a. Continuous
b. Batch
3. Infrared dryers
Direct Dryers
Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and the
hot gases.
Vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying medium
Also called as convective dryers
Continuous Direct Dryers
Operation is continued without interruption as long as wet feed is supplied
Any continuous dryer can be operated intermittently or batch-wise if so
desired
Batch Direct Dryers
Dryers are designed to operate on a different size of batch of wet feed for
given time cycles
Conditions of moisture content and temperature continuously change at any
point
Indirect Dryers
Heat for drying is transferred to the wet solid through a retaining wall
Vaporized liquid is removed independently of the heating medium
Rate of drying is dependent on the contacting of the wet material with hot
surfaces
Also termed as conduction or contact dryer
Continuous Indirect Dryers
Accomplished by material passing through the dryer continuously which is in
contact with a hot surface
Batch Indirect Dryers
Generally well adapted to operate under vacuum conditions
Categorized into agitated and non-agitated types
Infrared Dryers
Aka radiant-heat dryers, or dielectric-heat dryers
Operation depends on the generation, transmission, and absorption of
infrared rays
Dielectric-heat dryers operate on the principle of heat generation within the
solid by placing the latter in a high frequency field
Types of Solid Feed
Granular or Crystalline Solids
Hold moisture in the spaces between particles or in shallow, open surface pores
Moisture movement is relatively unhindered
Usually inorganic solids
Examples: crushed rock, titanium oxide & chrome yellow
Amorphous, Fibrous or Gel-like Solids
Most organic solids fall under this category
Hold moisture as an integral part of the solid structure
Moisture movement is slow and probably occurs by diffusion
Examples: Eggs, detergents & cereals
Types of Dryers
1. Belt
2. Pneumatic Conveying
3. Rotary
4. Spray
5. Through-circulation
6. Tunnel
7. Fluid Beds
8. Tray and compartment
9. Drum
10. Tray (Vibrating and Vacuum)
11. Agitated-pan
12. Freeze
Belt Dryer
- aka continuous sheeting/tray dryers
- Direct type, continuous operation
- (+) Suitable for drying without contact
- (-) Only applicable for continuous sheets but has different types that are
available for different requirements.
Belt Dryer
- Picture or video
Pneumatic Conveying Dryer
Material conveyed in high temperature high velocity gases to a cyclone
collector
Used in conjunction with grinding
Suitable for materials easily suspended in a gas stream
(+): High capacities
(-): solids > 100 mesh may suffer physical degradation
Rotary Dryer (plain, steam-tube and vacuum/batch)
Material is conveyed and showered inside a rotating cylinder through which
hot gases flow
Suitable for all feed types
Direct/plain and Indirect(steam-tube) - wet solids need dry recirculator
Vacuum rotary - cannot process wet solids
(+): high solid surface area, faster drying rate
(-): air must be kept unsaturated
Spray Dryer
Feed is atomized and dried with passing hot air
Various types of atomizers -> Affects spray dryer design
Used primarily for liquids and slurries.
(+): high capacities, low product temp., high quality product, relatively
inexpensive
(-): relatively large, inefficient energy use
Spray dryer
Play video in usb
Through-circulation Dryer
Material is held on a continuous conveying screen, and hot air is blown
through it.
Air is circulated inside a chamber
Best suited for small objects
Capacity: Small (batch); High (continuous)
(+): simple design
Tunnel Dryer
Material on trucks is moved through a tunnel in contact with hot gases.
Not applicable for liquids and slurries
(+): Suitable for small and large scale production
Fluid beds
Solids are fluidized in a stationary tank using hot gas.
Suitable for all feed types
Wet solids need dry recirculator
(+): no moving parts, fast drying rate, easy to control, large scale
(-): sensitive to load variations, feed particle size <= 100 microns
Variations: In-bed tubes, gas recycle, vibrating type
Tray and Compartment Dryers
- Material to be supported on trays
- Slurries can only be done in a laboratory-scale
- For pastes and sludges, granular/crystalline/fibrous solids, large solids,
special forms and shapes, and discontinuous sheets:
- Suited only for batch operation; at large capacities, very expensive; long drying times
- For free-flowing powders:
- Dusting may also be a problem
Drum Dryers
- Hot water or steam
- indirect , continuous operation
- For liquids and pastes and sludges that are made to flow:
- Single, double/twin. Atmospheric or vacuum operation; Products are usually flaky or dusty,
high maintenance costs
- For slurries:
- Same as liquids but use twin-drum dryers
Drum Dryers
Picture or video
Tray Dryers (Vibrating and Vacuum)
- Heating accomplished by steam or hot water
- Vibrating Tray Dryers:
- Only suitable for materials that are free-flowing and can be conveyed on a vibrating tray (free-
flowing powders, some granular/crystalline/fibrous solids)
- indirect , continuous operation
- Vacuum Tray/Shelf Dryers:
- Indirect, batch operation
- For slurries: applicable for small-batch production
- Except for liquids, and continuous sheets: suitable for small batches, useful for heat-sensitive
or readily oxidizable materials, solvents can be recovered
- Picture or video
Agitated-pan Dryers
- Material is agitated during drying
- Indirect type, batch operation
- Can be easily cleaned
- For liquids, slurries, pastes and sludges, and free-flowing powders:
- Maybe atmospheric or vacuum; suitable for small batches, solvents can be recoverable
- For granular/crystalline/ fibrous solids:
- Good for small batches, agitation during drying may cause degradation
- Not applicable for large solids, special forms and shapes, continuous and
discontinuous sheets
- Picture or video
Freeze Dryers
- Material is frozen before drying
- Indirect type, continuous or batch operation
- Drying is done in very high vacuum
- For liquids, slurries, pastes and sludges, and free-flowing powders:
- Used usually in pharmaceuticals due to sensitivity of material to heat and oxidization
- For granular/crystalline/fibrous solids, large and special forms, discontinuous
sheets:
- Expensive, usually for pharmaceuticals which cannot be dried by other means
- For continuous sheets:
- Applicable only to special cases such as emulsion-coated films
Freeze Dryers
- Picture or video