Layer One and Two LAN
Networking
Wires and connections
Station to station packet
transmission
OSI:
Open Systems
Interconnection
Reference Model
LAN
OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
©”A Guide to Networking Essentials”, 1998, Course Technology.
Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI)
International Standard
Written to be a manufacturing standard,
but never built
Used as a vocabulary short hand
Applies to all extensions of networks
OSI Reference Model
7. Application layer User
6. Presentation layer Programs
5. Session layer
4. Transport layer WAN
3. Network layer
2. Data link layer LAN
1. Physical layer
OSI Layer 1
Local Area Network protocols
Physical layer:
standards for physical connections (e.g. plugs and
connectors)
Responsible for getting bits from one location to another.
Medium
Connectors
Representation of signals
Media
Twisted Pair Copper Wire
shielded vs unshielded
plenum vs PVC
Coaxial Copper Cable
thinnet and thicknet
Fiber
single mode and multi-mode
Microwave
Infrared, Radio
Unshielded Twisted Pairs
Cheapest alternative for LAN cabling
Already exists in most offices
Adapts to star wiring and hub systems
Trend in modern LAN installations
New technologies adapt to it
Shielded cable used where electronic
interference a problem
Cat 5 Twisted Pair Wiring
Twisted Pair Signals
Reverse phases to cancel noise
LINE 1 +
LINE 2 -
Cable categories
Cable Type Use
Level 1 Voice & low speed data
Level 2 Data to 4 Mbps
Category 3 LAN to 10 Mbps
Category 4 LAN to 20 Mbps
Category 5 LAN to 100 Mbps
Twisted Pair Connectors
Wiring Pairs
blue, white-blue
orange, white-orange
green, white-green
brown, white-brown
RJ-11 and RJ-45
D connectors
RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45):
8 wires for Ethernet
RJ-11 (4 or 6 wire
versions) for telephones
Unshielded Twisted Pairs
Phones use 1 pair
10BaseT uses 2 pairs of Category 5
copper
100BaseT uses 2 pairs of Category 5
copper
100BaseFX uses multimode fiber
10BaseT Ethernet Wiring
Fiber Optic Cables
Longer distances
High data rate requirements
High interference situations
High security situations
Connections more difficult than with UTP
Fiber Optic
Laser
Single
Mode 8/125 micron
Up to 50 miles
LED
Multimode 62.5/125 micron
Up to 2000 meters
Fiber-optic Connectors
Wireless
Infrared
Radio
Microwave
Radio Frequency
Spread Spectrum & Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
Wireless security
Wireless LAN Access
Local Area Networks
Layer 2
"Gentlemen! Start — your — laptops!"
Copyright 1998 Doug Adams
Local Area Networks
Networks that move data from station to
station using a common set of layer 1 and
layer 2 protocols.
Common broadcast domain
Local ownership
Common operating system
Machine ID addressing
OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
©”A Guide to Networking Essentials”, 1998, Course Technology.
Data Link - Layer 2
2. Data link layer:
protocols for error free transmission from station to
station
The data link is responsible for node to node
validity and integrity of the transmission. The
transmitted bits are divided into frames; for
example, an Ethernet, Token Ring or FDDI
frame in local area networks. Layers 1 and 2 are
required for every type of communications.
Data Link - Layer 2
functions
Media access Gain access to the network
Data delineation Start &stop characters,
delimiters, frame formats
Error control Trailers: e.g. cycle
redundancy checks (CRC)
Addressing MAC addresses (48 bit
permanent device ID’s)
Transparency Special codes in data not
interpreted as delineation
Code independence ASCII, EBCDIC or any
other code accepted
Data Link Sub-layers
Media Access Control (MAC)
Standards for addressing and locating
nodes
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Standards for communication with
higher layers
LAN Operating Protocols
Ethernet
open standard, cheap, most common
Token Ring
IBM proprietary, high quality,
expensive
Others
Network Interface Cards
Build, send out and accept frames
Usually a daughter board on PC
Must match LAN and CPU
Require drivers to operate
Network Interface Cards
(NIC)
Ethernet
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection
Trailer Body Header
Listen before transmit
Contention access
Retransmit on collision
Ethernet:
CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection
Compare channel voltage to reference level
Any node can transmit if channel free
Collision detection during transmission
Jamming
Random back off
Slot time and minimum packet size
Manchester Encoding
(self-clocking bit stream)
High-to-Low = 0
0 1 0
Low-to-High = 1
Switch voltage at
each time point
Ethernet Packets
Synchronization
Data transparency
MAC addresses
Minimum length
Error check
Alternate Ethernet packet formats
Ethernet Packet Structure
Section Length Contents
Preamble 7 bytes 10101010 (7X)
Start Frame 1 byte 10101011
Delimiter
Destination 6 bytes MAC destination
Source 6 bytes MAC source
Length 2 bytes Number of bytes in data field
Data 46 – 1500 Message
bytes
Check 4 bytes Cyclical redundancy check
Sequence field
Administration
Acknowledgements
Address announcements (identification)
Slot time
Card streaming
Hub access
10BaseT, 100BaseT, Gigabit Ethernet
10BaseT Specifications
(Twisted Pair Ethernet)
100 m to hub
1024 stations per network
10 mbps
UTP
Star/bus
LAN Logical/Physical
Topologies
Bus
Ring
Star
Network Logical
Topologies
Topologies are determined by the technologies
that run the network
Bus:
Ethernet
Ring:
Token ring
SONET, FDDI
Star:
Mainframe
Switched Ethernet
Ethernet: Physical Star,
Logical Bus
LAN with hubs
Hubs or Switches
Switches (Layer 2)
Route packets to destination nodes based
on MAC addresses
Limit traffic on unused branches
Provide additional security
Connect 10Mb and 100Mb branches
Operate in firmware
Switch (CISCO Catalyst
1928)
Ethernet
Switching
Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
Allocated access via electronic token
Priority access reservation
Confirmed packet delivery
Multiple monitor functions
Token
Ring
Token Ring
Message
CRC Body Header
Token access CRC Body Header
Equal access CRC Body Header
Collision avoidance
Empty Token Structure
Block Use Bytes
Starting Delimiter Begin Token 1
Access Control Priority 1
Token
Monitor
Reservation
Ending Delimiter End Token 1
Dataframe Token Structure
Bytes
Start delimiter 1 Code violations
Access control 1 Priority, Token,
Monitor, Reservation
Frame control 1 Logical Link or MAC
Destination address 6
Source address 6
Data To 4,500
Frame check sequence 4 Error detection
Ending delimiter 1 Code violations
Frame Status 1 Address recognized,
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Topology: Logical or Physical?
Bus
Ring
Star
Network Topologies
Topologies are determined by the technologies
that run the network
Bus:
Ethernet
Ring:
Token ring
SONET, FDDI
Star:
Mainframe
Switched Ethernet