Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 13
Objectives Overview
See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 13
Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language
Pages 664 – 665 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4
Figure 13-1 Chapter 13
Low-Level Languages
• Machine language is
the first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes
Page 665 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5
Figure 13-2 Chapter 13
Low-Level Languages
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language
Pages 665 – 666 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6
Figure 13-3 Chapter 13
Procedural Languages
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third-generation language (3GL)
Pages 666 - 667 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7
Chapter 13
Procedural Languages
Page 667 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Figures 13-4 – 13-5 Chapter 13
Procedural Languages
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English-like statements
Pages 668 – 669 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9
Figure 13-7 Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Page 669 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10
Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode
into machine-dependent code
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click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
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Java Platforms
below Chapter 13
Page 670 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11
Figure 13-8 Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
• Features include:
Page 670 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 12
Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of
the C programming
language
– Additional features for
working with objects,
classes, events, and
other object-oriented
concepts
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
Microsoft
Page 671 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13
Figure 13-9 Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Pages 671 - 673 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14
Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Visual Studio Tools for Office
below Chapter 13
Pages 671 - 672 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 15
Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Page 673 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 16
Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Page 673 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17
Figure 13-11 Chapter 13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• PowerBuilder is a
powerful program
development RAD tool
• Best suited for Web-
based, .NET, and large-
scale enterprise object-
oriented applications
Page 674 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Figure 13-12 Chapter 13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL
Page 674 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19
Figure 13-13 Chapter 13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
Page 675 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 13-14 Chapter 13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
Page 676 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21
Figure 13-15 Chapter 13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro with a macro recorder
– Write the macro
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click Chapter 13, Click
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Macros below Chapter 13
Pages 676 - 677 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22
Chapter 13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
Page 677 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 23
Figure 13-16 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Page 678 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 24
Figure 13-17 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• XML allows Web developers to create customized
tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM
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click Chapter 13, Click
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XML below Chapter 13
Page 679 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 25
Chapter 13
Web Page Development
Page 679 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26
Figure 13-18 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• Web browsers can execute short programs to add
interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Page 680 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27
Chapter 13
Web Page Development
Page 681 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28
Figure 13-19 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or
ActiveX controls using a variety of languages
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
PHP below Chapter 13
Pages 682 - 683 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29
Chapter 13
Web Page Development
Page 682 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30
Figure 13-20 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Cascading Style Sheets
below Chapter 13
Page 683 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31
Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for
users to:
Page 684 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32
Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs
– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
APIs below Chapter 13
Page 684 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 33
Figure 13-21 Chapter 13
Web Page Development
• Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Page 685 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 34
Chapter 13
Multimedia Program Development
• Multimedia authoring software allows
programmers to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation
Page 685 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 35
Chapter 13
Multimedia Program Development
Page 685 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 36
Figure 13-22 Chapter 13
Program Development
• Program development consists of a series of steps
programmers use to build computer programs
Page 686 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 37
Figure 13-23 Chapter 13
Step 1 – Analyze Requirements
• To initiate program development, programmer:
– Reviews the requirements
– Meets with the systems analyst and users
– Identifies input, processing, and output
• IPO chart
Page 687 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 38
Figure 13-24 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• Design a solution algorithm
• In structured design, the programmer typically
begins with a general design and moves toward a
more detailed design
• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show
program modules graphically
Page 688 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 39
Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
Page 688 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 40
Figure 13-25 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• With object-oriented
(OO) design, the
programmer packages
the data and the
program into a single
object
– Encapsulation
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
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Object-Oriented Design
below Chapter 13
Page 689 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 41
Figure 13-26 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• The sequence control
structure shows one or
more actions following
each other in order
Page 689 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 42
Figure 13-27 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• The selection control
structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If-then-else
– Case
Page 689 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 43
Figure 13-28 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
Page 690 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 44
Figure 13-29 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• The repetition control structure enables a program to
perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met
Page 690 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 45
Figures 13-30 – 13-31 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic
in a solution algorithm
Page 691 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 46
Figure 13-33 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify
and update flowcharts
– SmartDraw
– Visio
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Flowcharting Software
below Chapter 13
Page 692 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 47
Figure 13-34 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• Pseudocode uses a
condensed form of
English to convey
program logic
Page 692 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 48
Figure 13-35 Chapter 13
Step 2 – Design Solution
• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been
adopted as a standard notation for object
modeling and development
Page 693 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 49
Figure 13-37 Chapter 13
Step 3 – Validate Design
• Check for logic errors using test data
Page 694 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 50
Chapter 13
Step 4 – Implement Design
• Implementation of the design includes using a
program development tool that assists the
programmer by:
– Generating or providing some or all code
– Writing the code that translates the design into a
computer program
– Creating the user interface
• Extreme programming is a strategy where
programmers immediately begin coding and testing
solutions as soon as requirements are defined
Pages 694 - 695 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 51
Chapter 13
Step 5 – Test Solution
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Beta Testers
below Chapter 13
Pages 695 - 696 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 52
Chapter 13
Step 6 – Document Solution
• In documenting the solution, the programmer
performs two activities:
Page 696 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 53
Chapter 13
Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile
CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 54
Chapter 13
Summary
Page 705 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 55
Chapter 13
Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 13 Complete