Chapter 1
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Electric Machinery Edit by Chi-Shan Yu 1
Text book and supplementary materials
of this course
Stephen J. Chapman
, PH PTR , 5th edition (Feb.
18, 2011),
Electric Machinery 2
Reference book
A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric
Machinery, McGraw-Hill
, 6th edition (July 25,
2002)
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What to learn in this course ?
Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas
introduced in this course
Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
Electric energy to electric energy
Transformer
Electric energy to mechanical energy
Motor
Mechanical energy to electric energy
Generator
Magnetic energy is essential !
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Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories
Magnetic field: Amperes law
Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
Transformer: Faradays law, Lens law
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Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories
Magnetic circuit
Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force
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Course Outlines - Transformer (3wks)
Ideal/non-ideal transformer
Equivalent transformer circuit
Voltage regulation, efficiency
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Course Outlines - Basic electric machine
(motor/generator) theories
AC machine : induction machine, synchronous
machine
DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series
excited, compound excited
How the motor rotates ?
Torque/speed
How the generator to build output voltage ?
Voltage/current
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Course Outline - induction
(asynchronous) machine
Induction motor (IM) the most widely used ac
motor in the world
Structure and operation theories of IM
Equivalent circuit of IM
Torque/speed characteristics
Basic motor control
Induction generator (seldom used)
Output voltage control
Voltage/current characteristics
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Course Outline - synchronous machine
Synchronous generator (SG) the most widely used
generator in the world
Structure and operation theories of SG
Equivalent circuit of SG
Voltage/current characteristics
Parallel operation
Synchronous motor
Operation principles
Starting of synchronous motor
Torque/speed characteristics
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History of Electric Machinery
DC generator, driven Thomas A. Edison opens
1882
by steam engines Pearl St. Station, NYC
Waterwheel-driven DC
generator installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin
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History of Electric Machinery
Frank J. Sprague
1884 produces DC motor for
Edison systems
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History of Electric Machinery
William Stanley
1885 develops commercially
practical transformer
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History of Electric Machinery
Nikola Tesla presents
paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors
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Todays development
DC Machine
Motor
Generator
Transformer
Single phase
Three phases
AC Machine
Synchronous machine motor, generator
Asynchronous machine (induction machine) motor,
generator
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Todays development and future trends
Micro-step stepping motor
Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
Linear motor
Reluctance motor
Synchronous reluctance
Switched reluctance
Ultrasonic motor
Bionic robotics
MEMS motor
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Course relation
It is the fundamental course of the electrical
engineering
Future courses
Power electronics
Motor control
Electric motor drive
Power systems
Renewable energy
Electrical vehicle
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Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles
1. Rotation motion, Newtons law and power
relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faradays law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits
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Rotation motion, Newtons law and
power relationships
Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)
CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as
the negative direction.
Linear and rotation motion
Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
Speed and angular speed
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Rotation motion, Newtons law and
power relationships
relationships
Acceleration and angular acceleration
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Torque
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Torque
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Newtons law of rotation
1. Force
2. Torque
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Torque and Work
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Power (rate of doing work)
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Conversion between watts and
horsepower
Watts and horsepower
ftlb = 1,36 Nm (Foot-pound kuvvet :ftlb)
Conversion between two units
5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW
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The magnetic field
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Produce a magnetic field Amperes law
1. The magnetic field is produced by amperes law
2. The core is a ferromagnetic material
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From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density
1. When the magnetic field is applied on a
ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B
will be produced
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Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux
1. Magnetic flux density
2. Magnetic flux
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Magnetic Circuit magnetomotive force
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Magnetic circuit
1. Magnetic circuit
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Electric circuit and magnetic circuit
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Reluctance in magnetic circuit
1. Series connection
2. Parallel connection
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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
4. Air gap fringing effect
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Example 1-1
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Figure 1-7
Magnetic circuit
Figure 1-7
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MATLAB Programs
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Example 1-2
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Example 1-2
Figure 1-8a
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Example 1-2
Figure 1-8
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0.0012 m2
Example 1-3
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Figure 1-9
Figure 1-9
Figure 1-9
Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation
Figure 1-10
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Magnetic curve for a typical steel
Figure 1-10
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A plot of relative permeability mr
Figure 1-10
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Example 1-4
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Example 1-5
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0
Example
Figure 1-11a
Assume that fringing in the air increase the effective cross-sectional area
of the air gap by 5 percent. Calculate current in turns to produce 0.5 T air
gap flux density.
Figure 1-11b
Energy loss in ferromagnetic core
hysteresis loss
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Hysteresis loop residual flux
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The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop
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Magnetization curve
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Hysteresis loss
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Hysteresis loss
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Faradays law induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field
1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity
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The induced voltage polarity Lenzs law
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Flux and flux linkage
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Example 1-6
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Produce an induced force on a wire
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Example 1-7
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Example 1-7
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Relationship between electric-magnetic
variables
Magnetic field: Amperes law
Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
Transformer: Faradays law, Lens law
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Induced voltage on a conductor
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Example 1-8
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Example 1-9
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The linear DC machine a simple
example
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Starting a linear DC machine
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Starting a linear DC machine
1. Current
2. Induced force
3. Induced voltage
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Starting a linear DC machine
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Summarize of a dc machine starting
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DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition
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Linear dc motor
While the load is applied
The conversion power between mechanical and
electrical
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Summarize of a dc motor operation
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Linear dc generator
While the external force is applied on the moving
direction
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Summarize of a dc generator operation
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Starting problem of dc linear machine
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Example 1-10
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Example 1-10
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Matlab/Simulink simulation
Equations:
F = ilB
e = vBl
i = (Vb-e) / R
dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
Simulation parameters:
Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt
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Matlab/Simulink simulation
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Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
Power in DC circuit
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Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
AC source applies power to an impedance Z
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Instantaneous power
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Instantaneous power
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Average power and reactive power
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Reactive power Q and apparatus power S
1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from
instantaneous power
2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the
product of voltage and current magnitudes
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Complex power representation
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Complex power representation
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Power direction
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Power factor
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Example 1-11
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Three phase concepts
The three phase concepts are also introduced in
Appendix
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