Lecture 2
Inferential Statistics
Example-1
Most graduate schools of business require
applicants for admission to take the
Graduate Management Admission Councils
GMAT examination. Scores on the GMAT
are roughly normally distributed with a
mean of 527 and a standard deviation of
112. What is the probability of an
individual scoring above 500 on the
GMAT?
Example-2
How high must an individual score on the
GMAT in order to score in the highest 5%?
Example-3
The Edwardss Theater chain has studied
its movie customers to determine how
much money they spend on concessions.
The study revealed that the spending
distribution is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of $4.11 and a
standard deviation of $1.37. What
percentage of customers will spend less
than $3.00 on concessions?
Example:4
An electronics company manufactures
resistors that have a mean resistance of
100 ohms and a standard deviation of 10
ohms. The distribution of resistance is
normal. Find the probability that a random
sample of n=25 resistors will have an
average resistance less than 95 ohms.
A semiconductor manufacturer produces controllers used
in automobile engine applications. The customer requires
that the process fallout or fraction defective at a critical
manufacturing step not exceed 0.05 and that the
manufacturer demonstrate process capability at this level
of quality using alpha= 0.05. The semiconductor
manufacturer takes a random sample of 200 devices and
finds that four of them are defective. Can the
manufacturer demonstrate process capability for the
customer?
A product developer is interested in reducing the drying time of
primer paint. Two formulations of the paint are tested; formulation 1
is the standard chemistry, and formulation 2 has a new drying
ingredient that should reduce the drying time. From experience, it is
known that the standard deviation of drying time is 8 minutes, and
this inherent variability should be unaffected by the addition of the
new ingredient. Ten specimens are painted with formulation 1, and
another 10 specimens are painted with formulation 2; the 20
specimens are painted in random order. The two sample average
drying times are 121 minutes and 112 minutes, respectively. What
conclusions can the product developer draw about the effectiveness
of the new ingredient, using = 0.05?
An automatic filling machine is used to fill bottles
with liquid detergent. A random sample of 20
bottles results in a sample variance of fill volume
of s2= 0.0153 (fluid ounces) 2. If the variance of
fill volume exceeds 0.01 (fluid ounces) 2, an
unacceptable proportion of bottles will be
underfilled or overfilled. Is there evidence in the
sample data to suggest that the manufacturer
has a problem with underfilled or overfilled
bottles? Use =0.05, and assume that fill volume
has a normal distribution.
Oxide layers on semiconductor wafers are etched in a
mixture of gases to achieve the proper thickness. The
variability in the thickness of these oxide layers is a
critical characteristic of the wafer, and low variability is
desirable for subsequent processing steps. Two different
mixtures of gases are being studied to determine
whether one is superior in reducing the variability of the
oxide thickness. Twenty wafers are etched in each gas.
The sample standard deviations of oxide thickness are
s1= 1.96 angstroms and s2= 2.13 angstroms,
respectively. Is there any evidence to indicate that either
gas is preferable? Use alpha =0.05.