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Bacterial Cell Envelope Structures Explained

The external layers of vegetative cells and spores consist of cell membranes and cell walls composed of peptidoglycan and attached structures that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers with attached teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids, while gram-negatives have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Some bacteria form dormant endospores with unusual cell envelopes including an inner and outer membrane surrounding a dehydrated peptidoglycan cortex layer, providing protection.

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6 views27 pages

Bacterial Cell Envelope Structures Explained

The external layers of vegetative cells and spores consist of cell membranes and cell walls composed of peptidoglycan and attached structures that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers with attached teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids, while gram-negatives have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Some bacteria form dormant endospores with unusual cell envelopes including an inner and outer membrane surrounding a dehydrated peptidoglycan cortex layer, providing protection.

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jose carlos jimenez huashuayo
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The external layers of vegetative cells and spores

Faculty: Dr. Alvin Fox


KEY WORDS

Cell envelope Teichoic acid


Cell wall Teichuronic acid
Cell membrane Lipoteichoic acid
Outer membrane Mycolic acid
Peptidoglycan Undecaprenol (bactoprenol)
Braun lipoprotein Endospore (spore)
Porins Cell division
Lipopolysaccharide
Topics:
Structure of vegetative cell envelopes
unique cell envelope molecules
biosynthesis of cell wall constituents

Endospores (dormant cells)


Cell division
Cell Envelope

Cell membrane + cell wall (+ plus outer


membrane)
Cell wall
peptidoglycan
attached structures.
Bacterial cell envelopes

Gram stain (+ or -) correlates with structure


Gram positive

Gram negative
Peptidoglycan
single macromolecule
highly cross-linked
surrounds cell
provides rigidity
Peptidoglycan
glycan backbone
muramic acid
glucosamine

peptide side chain


peptide cross-bridge
D- and L- amino acids
diaminopimelic acid
Muramic acid, D-amino acids
diaminopimelic acid
not synthesized by mammals
L-alanine
D-glutamic acid
L-lysine/Diaminopimelic acid
D-alanine
D-alanine Peptidoglycan

Muramic acid

Glucosamine
Gram Positive Cell Envelope

Teichoic acid
polymer
phosphorus
ribitol or glycerol backbone

Teichuronic acid
polymer
no phosphorus
glucuronic acid backbone
Teichoic and teichuronic acids
Metal ion uptake

Direct autolytic enzymes


holes punched in cell wall
allows insertion cell wall (synthesis)
Lipoteichoic acids

cell membrane
autolysins kept from cell wall
Gram Positive Cell Envelope
Lipoteichoic Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
acid
r r r r
r
r r
r r r

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm
Gram Negative Peptidoglycan
Braun lipoprotein
binds cell wall to outer membrane
Outer Membrane
lipopolysaccharide
phospholipids
Proteins
porins
Lipopolysaccharide
O-antigen
Highly variable
n
Core
Heptoses
Ketodeoxyoctonic acid

Lipid A
Glucosamine disaccharide

Beta hydroxy fatty acids


Gram Negative Cell Envelope
Lipopolysaccharide
Outer Membrane

Porin

Braun lipoprotein
Peptidoglycan

Inner (cytoplasmic)
membrane

Cytoplasm
Acid Fast Cell Envelope
Mycolic acid lipids
Peptidoglycan-mycolic acid-arabinogalactan
r r r r
r
r r
r r r

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Cell wall

undecaprenol

sugar

amino
acid
Lipopolysaccharide
synthesis similar to peptidoglycan
also on undecaprenol carrier
Spore
Modified Gram positive bacteria cell
unusual cell envelope
cell membrane
outer membrane
Spore
Peptidoglycan layer
cortex
between two membranes
less cross-linked
dehydrated muramic acid (lactam)
Vegetative
Sporulation
cell division
The endospore

exosporium
coat

outer
membrane

cortex Inner
membrane

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