MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Reporters:
Butad,Rhena Christine M.
Yabana Maria Fe
Definition:
The muscular system is an
organ system consisting of
skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscles. It permits
movement of the body, maintains
posture, and circulates blood
throughout the body.
INTRODUCTION
Muscular system consist of three muscle types:
Cardiac, Smooth and Skeletal.
Skeletal Muscles form (40-45%of total body weight
Human body has more than430 pairs of skeletal
muscle; most vigorous movement produced by 80
pairs.
Without muscles and joints we wouldn't be able to
do much, if anything. Face muscles help us eat, smile
and laugh. Hand muscles, arm muscles and shoulder
muscles, along with the elbow joint, help use throw a
ball. Hip muscles, leg muscles and foot muscles,
along with the knee joint and ankle joint, help us to
walk. Our thoracic muscles help us breathe.
Our back muscles,abdominal muscles and vertebral
muscles help us maintain good posture and stand
upright.
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle:s
Skeletal muscle has contractility, excitability,
extensibility, and elasticity.
Structure:
Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cell
containing numerous myofibrils.
Myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin
myofilaments.
Sarcomeres are joined end to end to form
myofibrils.
Muscle fibers are organized into fasciculi, and
fasciculi are organized into muscles by associated
connective tissue.
Membrane Potentials:
Cell membranes have a relative positive charge on the outside
and a relative negative charge inside.
Action potentials are a brief reversal of the membrane
charge.
Nerve Supply:
Motor neurons carry action potentials to skeletal
muscles, where the neuron and muscle fibers form
neuromuscular junctions.
Neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to receptors
on muscle cell membranes, stimulates an action
potential in the muscle cell, and causes the muscle to
contract.
Muscle
Contraction:
4. The myosin
1. Action 2. Calcium
molecules
potentials ions, released
bend, causing
travel along T from the 3. Myosin
the actin
tubules to the sarcoplasmic forms cross-
molecules to
sarcoplasmic reticulum, bridges with
slide past; this
reticulum, bind to the the exposed
is the sliding
where they actin actin
filament
cause the myofilaments, attachment
mechanism.
release of exposing sites.
This process
calcium ions. attachment
requires ATP
sites.
breakdown.
7. Small contraction
5. A muscle twitch forces are
is an all-or-none generated when
response to an 6. Tetanus occurs small numbers of
action potential when stimuli occur motor units are
that exceeds the so rapidly that a recruited, and
threshold; it muscle does not greater contraction
consists of a lag relax between forces are
phase, contraction twitches. generated when
phase, and large numbers of
relaxation phase. motor units are
recruited.
10. Muscles
9. After contract either
8. Energy is
intense isometrically
produced by
exercise, the (tension
anaerobic increases, but
rate of aerobic
(without muscle length
metabolism
oxygen) and stays the same) or
remains isotonically
aerobic (with
elevated to (tension remains
oxygen)
repay the the same, but
respiration. muscle length
oxygen debt.
decreases).
14.
13. Slow- Sprinters
11. Muscle 12. twitch fibers have more
tone consists
Muscles are better
of a small
suited for fast-twitch
percentage of contain a
aerobic fibers,
muscle fibers combinatio metabolism, whereas
contracting n of slow- and fast-
isometrically distance
twitch and twitch fibers
and is runners
fast-twitch are adapted
responsible
for anaerobic have more
for posture. fibers.
metabolism. slow-twitch
fibers.
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy:
[Link] Principles
Most muscles have an origin on one
bone and an insertion onto another
and cross at least one joint.
Muscles working together are
synergists; muscles working in
opposition are antagonists.
A prime mover is the one muscle of
a synergistic group that is primarily
responsible for the movement.
2. Nomenclature
Muscles are named according to location, origin and insertion,
number of heads, or function.
3. Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of facial expression are associated primarily with the
mouth and eyes.
Four pairs of muscles are involved in mastication.
Tongue movements involve intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
Swallowing involves suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, plus
muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
Neck muscles move the head.
Intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm are involved in Muscles form the floor of the Pelvis
breathing.
4. Trunk Muscles:
Muscles of the abdominal wall
flex and rotate the vertebral
Erector spinae muscles hold the
column, compress the abdominal
body erect.
cavity, and hold in and protect
the abdominal organs
5. Upper Limb
Muscles:
The upper limb is attached to the
body primarily by muscles.
Arm movements are accomplished by
pectoral, rotator cuff, and deltoid muscles.
The forearm is flexed and extended by
anterior and posterior arm muscles,
respectively.
Movements of the wrist and fingers are
accomplished by most of the 20 forearm
muscles and 19 intrinsic muscles in the hand.
Thigh
muscles Muscles of
Hip flex, the leg and
muscles extend, foot are
[Link]
flex, and adduct similar to
Limb
extend, the thigh. those of
Muscles:
and abduct They also the
the thigh. flex and forearm
extend the and hand.
leg.
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