Chapter 4
AC MACHINES FUNDAMENTALS
AC MACHINES
AC Machines
Synchronous Machines Induction Machines
Magnetic field Field current is
current is supplied supplied by
by a separate dc magnetic induction
power source (transformer action)
into their field
windings.
The field circuits are
located on their
rotors.
A simple loop in a uniform magnetic Field
eind = (v x B) . l
Eind= 2 vBL sinθ
eind max sin t
Torque induced in a current carrying loop
ind ab bc cd da
rilB sin ab rilB sin cd
2rilB sin
ind kBloop xBS
Rotating Magnetic Field
• Fundamental principle – a 3-phase set of currents, each of
equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120º, flows in a 3-
phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field
of constant magnitude.
(a) A simple three phase stator. Currents in this (b) The magnetizing intensity vector Haa’ (t)
stator are assumed positive if they flow into the
produced by a current flowing in coil aa’.
unprimed end and out the primed end of the
coils. The H produced by each coil are also
shown.
t 0 t 90
Proof of Rotating Field Concept
Bnet (t ) BM sin t0 BM sin(t 120)120 BM sin(t 240)240 T
Bnet (t ) 1.5 BM sin t xˆ 1.5 BM cos t yˆ
The magnitude of the field is a constant 1.5BM and the angle changes continually in a
counter clockwise direction at angular velocity w. Also, at wt=0°, B net=1.5BM with angle
-90°, and at wt=90°, Bnet=1.5BM with angle 0°.
Relationship b/w Electrical and Mechanical
Angle
The rotating magnetic field represented as
a rotating north and south stator poles
Repetition of winding arrangement
to get four poles in the stator
For P poles there is P/2 repetitions
of the winding arrangement
‘a-cbar-b-abar-c-bbar’ in the stator
P
e m
2
P
fe fm
2
P
e m
2
nm
since fm where n is the number of rotation
60
nm
fe P
120
Reversing the Direction of Magnetic Field
Rotation
If the current in any two of the 3 coils is swapped, the direction of the magnetic field’s
rotation will be reversed.
To prove this, phases B and C are switched:
Bnet = Baa’ +
Bbb’ +Bcc’
Bnet (t ) BM sin t0 BM sin(t 240)120 BM sin(t 120)240 T
Converting it into x and y unit vectors will give:
Btotal (t ) (1.5Bm sin t ) x (1.5Bm cos t ) y
The +ive sign shows the change of magnetic field rotation
Magneto motive force and flux distribution
on AC Machines
Non Salient Pole rotor and Salient pole rotor
• Due to the presence of a ferromagnetic rotor in the real ac machines the flux
produced in the ac machines is not simple.
• As the R of the rotor is much less than that of air the flux follows the perpendicular
path between the stator and rotor
Production of Sinusoidal Air gap flux in ac
machines
• For production of sinusoidal voltage in an ac machine the flux must vary
sinusoidally along the surface of the air gap
Distribution of windings in the stator for
production of sinusoidal emf
An ac machine with a distributed stator winding
designed to produce a sinusoidally varying air gap
flux density. The number of conductors in each
slot is indicated in the diagram.
The mmf distribution resulting from the
winding, compared to an ideal transformer.
Induced Voltage in AC machines
A rotating rotor magnetic field
inside a stationary stator coil
The flux density
distribution in the air gap.
einduced eba edc 2VBM l cos m t
einduced N c cos t
Induced Voltage in a 3 phase set of coils
eaa ' N sin t V
ebb ' N sin( t 120o ) V
ecc ' N sin( t 240o ) V
Max phase voltage
Rms voltage
The production of three-
phase voltages from three
coils spaced 120º apart
Induced Torque in AC machines
A simplified ac machine with a sinusoidal stator
flux distribution and a single coil of wire
mounted in the rotor.
The torque induced in the machine is due to the interaction
between rotor and the stator fluxes. It is given by:
ind kBr Bs
Losses in AC Machines
• Core loss
• Copper loss
• Mechanical Loss
• Stray loss
Power flow diagram in motor
Power flow diagram for generator
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